Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) – Application for Secondary Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Production
Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology,
Page 52-61
DOI:
10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i130196
Abstract
Clean water is one of the most significant challenges for our society. Efficient reuse of effluent water after treatment can becomes an effective solution to the shortage of water resources. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of Eichhornia crassipes plants for post treatment of clarified municipal residential sewage under natural conditions using a small pilot Laboratory Water Hyacinth Clarifier system. Twelve Eichhornia crassipes plants are used to investigate total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal during a 20-day study period under various retention rates. The biomass gain of the Eichhornia crassipes plants was 2.4-fold from the initial weight of 1556.5 g to 3676.7 g. Total phosphorous reduction of 10.64%, 11.83%, 20.93%, 41.66%, 67.12%, and 40.13% for the 1.5, 9.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 h, and 120.0-hour retention times respectively. Ammonia nitrogen removal was between 35.71%, 33.33% for the 1.50 and 9.0-hour retention time and 42.85% for the 12.0 and 24.0-hour retention time. A reduction of 71.43% resulted for the 48.0-hour retention time and an 85.71% reduction for the 120.0-hour retention time. Overall retention time of 24.0 h, 48.0 h and 120 h tend to give best removal rates for both total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal. Factors such as climate, contaminant concentration, retention rate, and weather conditions play an important role for the application of Eichhornia crassipes in a tertiary treatment sequence of MRS.
Keywords:
- Ammonia
- biomass production
- Eichhornia crassipes
- phosphor
- secondary clarification
- temperature
- wastewater treatment
- water hyacinth
How to Cite
Dölle, K., Wang, Q., & Tong, J. (2021). Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) – Application for Secondary Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Production. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 24(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i130196
References
Dölle K, Wang Q. Application of subsurface bioreactor for wastewater treatment. International Journal for Earth and Environmental Sciences. 2017;2(132):1-6.
Tilley E, Ulrich L, Lüthi C, Reymond P, Zurbrügg C, Schertenleib R. Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies(2nd ed.). Dübendorf: Eawag; 2014.
Sperling MV. Wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal. Biological water treatment. London: IWA Publishing. 2007;1.
Mc Carthy C. Best management practices for golf course water use, connecticut department of environmental conservation; 2006.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Infrastructure report card. Accessed:November 6th, 220. Available:https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Wastewater-Final.pdf
Throssell CS, Lyman GT, Johnson ME, Stacey GA, Brown CD. Golf course environmental profile measures water use, source, cost, quality, and management and conservation strategies. 2009:6(1):1-16.
Jacono CC, Richerson MM, Howard V, Baker E, Stottlemyer C, Li J, et al. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms: U.S. Geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, FL, and NOAA great lakes aquatic nonindigenous species information system, ann arbor, MI; 2020. Accessed:November 20th 2018. Available:https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=11&Potential=Y&Type=2&HUCNumber
Boudjelas S, Browne M, De Poorter M, Lowe S. 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: A selection from the global invasive species database. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), A Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). 2004:12. Accessed:December 20, 2020. Available:www.iucn.org/content/100-worlds-worst-invasive-alien-species-a-selection-global-invasive-species-database
Harvey K. Water hyacinth control modules. Control options for water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Australia. Weeds of National Significance; 2013.
NSW DPI (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries). Prime fact: Water hyacinth. Invasive Species Unit; 2012. Accessed: November 20, 2020. Available:http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/330322/Water-hyacinth.pdf.
Dölle K, Tong J, Wang Q, Lorenz V, Hennwood AJ, Dominesey TM. Water hyacinths – Biomass and water purifying potential for agricultural applications. Journal of Advances in Biology Biotechnology, (JABB). 2018;18(3):1-9.
Schardt JD. Maintenance control in Simberloff D, Schmitz D, Brown TC. Strangers in paradise, impact and management of nonindigenous species in Florida. Island Press, Washington, DC. 1997;229-243.
Dölle K, Tong J, Wang Q. Water hyacinths – biomass production potential at a waste water treatment plant. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology (JABB). 2020;23(2):1-10.
Hasan MH, Chakrabarti R. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture-a review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009;53-65. Accessed:June 4th, 2018. Available:http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1141e.pdf Gopal B. Water hyacinth. Elsevier. New York; 1987.
Rotella AR, Luken JO. Biomass and growth of waterhyacinth in a tidal blackwater river, south Carolina. South eastern Naturalist. 2012;11(3):361-374.
NSW DPI (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries). Prime fact: water hyacinth. Invasive Species Unit; 2012. Available:http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/330322/Water-hyacinth- web.pdf. Accessed:13 August 2014.
Owens C, Madsen J. Low temperature limits of waterhyacinth. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995;33:63-68. Image by Klaus Dölle. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), pdf-file.
Stiers I, Crohain N, Josens G, Triest L. Impact of three aquatic invasive species on native plants and macro invertebrates in temperate ponds invasions by biological invasions. 2011;13(12):2715-2726.
Villamagna AM, Murphy BR. Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A review. Freshwater Biology 2010;55(2): 282-298.
Theel HJ, Dibble ED, Madsen JD. Differential influence of a monotypic and diverse native aquatic plant bed on a macro invertebrate assemblage; an experimental implication of exotic plant induced habitat. Hydrobiologia. 2008; 600(1):77-87.
Jianqing D, Ren W, Weidong F, Guoliang Z. Water hyacinth in China: Its distribution, problems and control status. In Biological and integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Edited by MH, Julien MP, Hill TD Center, D. Jianqing. ACIAR Proceedings. 2001;102;29-32.
Mailu AM. Preliminary assessment of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of water hyacinth in the Lake Victoria basin and the status of control. In Biological and integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Edited by M.H. Julien, M.P. Hill, T.D. Center, and D. Jianqing. ACIAR Proceedings. 2001;102: 103-139.
Spira WM, Huq A, Ahmed QS, Saeed YA. Uptake of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor from contaminated water by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Application Environment of Microbiolology, 1981;42(3):550-553.
Savage HM, Rejmankova E, Arredondo-Jiménez JI, Roberts DR, Rodriguez MH. Limnological and botanical characterization of larval habitats for two primary malarial vectors, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, in coastal areas of Chiapas State, Mexico. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 1990;6(4):612-620.
Reddy KR, DeBusk WF. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water. Hydrobiologia. 1991;211(2):101-109.
Sooknah RD, Wilkie AC. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecological Engineering. 2004;22:2742.
Rezania S, Ponraj M, Din MFM, Chelliapan S, Sairan FM. Effectiveness of Eichhornia crassipes in nutrient removal from domestic wastewater based on its optimal growth rate. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2016;57(1):360-365.
Image by Klaus Dölle. Laboratory water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) clarifier, pdf-file.
Doelle K, Watkins C. Algae to remove phosphorous in a trickling filter. British Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology (BJABB). 2016;11(2):1- 9.
Dölle K, Wang Q. Application of subsurface bioreactor for wastewater treatment. International Journal for Earth and Environmental Sciences. 2017;2(132):1-6. HACH Method 10127: Phosphorus Total. Available:https://www.hach.com/dr1900-portable-spectrophotometer/product-parameter-reagent?id=18915675456
HACH Method 10031: Nitrogen Ammonia. Available:https://www.hach.com/dr1900-portable-spectrophotometer/product-parameter-reagent?id=18915675456
Tilley E, Ulrich L, Lüthi C, Reymond P, Zurbrügg C, Schertenleib R. Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies(2nd ed.). Dübendorf: Eawag; 2014.
Sperling MV. Wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal. Biological water treatment. London: IWA Publishing. 2007;1.
Mc Carthy C. Best management practices for golf course water use, connecticut department of environmental conservation; 2006.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Infrastructure report card. Accessed:November 6th, 220. Available:https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Wastewater-Final.pdf
Throssell CS, Lyman GT, Johnson ME, Stacey GA, Brown CD. Golf course environmental profile measures water use, source, cost, quality, and management and conservation strategies. 2009:6(1):1-16.
Jacono CC, Richerson MM, Howard V, Baker E, Stottlemyer C, Li J, et al. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms: U.S. Geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, FL, and NOAA great lakes aquatic nonindigenous species information system, ann arbor, MI; 2020. Accessed:November 20th 2018. Available:https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=11&Potential=Y&Type=2&HUCNumber
Boudjelas S, Browne M, De Poorter M, Lowe S. 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: A selection from the global invasive species database. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), A Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). 2004:12. Accessed:December 20, 2020. Available:www.iucn.org/content/100-worlds-worst-invasive-alien-species-a-selection-global-invasive-species-database
Harvey K. Water hyacinth control modules. Control options for water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Australia. Weeds of National Significance; 2013.
NSW DPI (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries). Prime fact: Water hyacinth. Invasive Species Unit; 2012. Accessed: November 20, 2020. Available:http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/330322/Water-hyacinth.pdf.
Dölle K, Tong J, Wang Q, Lorenz V, Hennwood AJ, Dominesey TM. Water hyacinths – Biomass and water purifying potential for agricultural applications. Journal of Advances in Biology Biotechnology, (JABB). 2018;18(3):1-9.
Schardt JD. Maintenance control in Simberloff D, Schmitz D, Brown TC. Strangers in paradise, impact and management of nonindigenous species in Florida. Island Press, Washington, DC. 1997;229-243.
Dölle K, Tong J, Wang Q. Water hyacinths – biomass production potential at a waste water treatment plant. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology (JABB). 2020;23(2):1-10.
Hasan MH, Chakrabarti R. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture-a review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009;53-65. Accessed:June 4th, 2018. Available:http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1141e.pdf Gopal B. Water hyacinth. Elsevier. New York; 1987.
Rotella AR, Luken JO. Biomass and growth of waterhyacinth in a tidal blackwater river, south Carolina. South eastern Naturalist. 2012;11(3):361-374.
NSW DPI (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries). Prime fact: water hyacinth. Invasive Species Unit; 2012. Available:http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/330322/Water-hyacinth- web.pdf. Accessed:13 August 2014.
Owens C, Madsen J. Low temperature limits of waterhyacinth. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 1995;33:63-68. Image by Klaus Dölle. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), pdf-file.
Stiers I, Crohain N, Josens G, Triest L. Impact of three aquatic invasive species on native plants and macro invertebrates in temperate ponds invasions by biological invasions. 2011;13(12):2715-2726.
Villamagna AM, Murphy BR. Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A review. Freshwater Biology 2010;55(2): 282-298.
Theel HJ, Dibble ED, Madsen JD. Differential influence of a monotypic and diverse native aquatic plant bed on a macro invertebrate assemblage; an experimental implication of exotic plant induced habitat. Hydrobiologia. 2008; 600(1):77-87.
Jianqing D, Ren W, Weidong F, Guoliang Z. Water hyacinth in China: Its distribution, problems and control status. In Biological and integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Edited by MH, Julien MP, Hill TD Center, D. Jianqing. ACIAR Proceedings. 2001;102;29-32.
Mailu AM. Preliminary assessment of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of water hyacinth in the Lake Victoria basin and the status of control. In Biological and integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Edited by M.H. Julien, M.P. Hill, T.D. Center, and D. Jianqing. ACIAR Proceedings. 2001;102: 103-139.
Spira WM, Huq A, Ahmed QS, Saeed YA. Uptake of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor from contaminated water by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Application Environment of Microbiolology, 1981;42(3):550-553.
Savage HM, Rejmankova E, Arredondo-Jiménez JI, Roberts DR, Rodriguez MH. Limnological and botanical characterization of larval habitats for two primary malarial vectors, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, in coastal areas of Chiapas State, Mexico. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 1990;6(4):612-620.
Reddy KR, DeBusk WF. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water. Hydrobiologia. 1991;211(2):101-109.
Sooknah RD, Wilkie AC. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecological Engineering. 2004;22:2742.
Rezania S, Ponraj M, Din MFM, Chelliapan S, Sairan FM. Effectiveness of Eichhornia crassipes in nutrient removal from domestic wastewater based on its optimal growth rate. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2016;57(1):360-365.
Image by Klaus Dölle. Laboratory water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) clarifier, pdf-file.
Doelle K, Watkins C. Algae to remove phosphorous in a trickling filter. British Journal of Advances in Biology and Biotechnology (BJABB). 2016;11(2):1- 9.
Dölle K, Wang Q. Application of subsurface bioreactor for wastewater treatment. International Journal for Earth and Environmental Sciences. 2017;2(132):1-6. HACH Method 10127: Phosphorus Total. Available:https://www.hach.com/dr1900-portable-spectrophotometer/product-parameter-reagent?id=18915675456
HACH Method 10031: Nitrogen Ammonia. Available:https://www.hach.com/dr1900-portable-spectrophotometer/product-parameter-reagent?id=18915675456
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