Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

A Quantitative Genetic Approach to Avocado Breeding Value Estimation

Venkata Rao — 2025-10-25

The avocado one of demanding fruit crop for its immense nutritive value and diabatic suitable fruit. But improvement in the crop is limited. Hence, improving its genotypes is crucial due to rising avocado demand in India, low local yields, and the need to develop superior, climate-adapted genotypes. In present study, Statistical analysis, including genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation, showed that a wide genetic diversity exists within the collected germplasm, particularly for key traits like fruit yield, fruit volume, average fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, and pulp to seed ratio (GCV/PCV all above 20% and GCV for pulp to seed ratio at 55.61%). Heritability estimates revealed that most characters, including fat content (99.67%) and total soluble solids (98.54%), exhibited very high heritability, indicating strong genetic control and suitability for direct selection. The analysis of genetic advance (GA) and genetic gain (GG) identified traits offering the best potential for next-generation improvement. The Pulp to seed ratio stood out with an exceptional 110.08%. GG, projecting a massive proportional increase in edible pulp through selection. Other traits with high heritability coupled with high genetic advance, such as fruit volume (213.65 ml GA, 87.30% GG), fruit yield (80.96 Kg GA, 75.66% GG), and average fruit weight (195.54 g GA, 66.29% GG), are considered parameters of high selection value. Conversely, traits like non-reducing sugars showed minimal absolute genetic advance (0.08% GA). These findings confirm the existence of substantial genetic variability among the collected ecotypes, particularly in Kodagu and Mysuru regions, and provide breeders with reliable metrics to select superior germplasm based on Pulp to seed ratio, Fruit volume, Fruit yield, Average fruit weight, and Number of fruits for accelerated progress in avocado improvement.

Insect Diversity on Low Chilling Apple Varieties in Horticulture Experimental Farm of Jorhat, Assam, India

Ruprekha Buragohain — 2025-10-25

Low chilling varieties are those apple varieties which can be successfully cultivated in warm areas with around 200-300 hrs of chilling temperature (below 7^oC). Some of the low-chilling apple varieties are Anna, Tropical Beauty, Early Fuji, Tamma, Neomi, Parlin's Beauty, Golden Dorsett, HRMN-99, etc. Apple crops have been infested by a large number of insects, including both harmful and beneficial insects, and some of them are very serious pests and need awareness to control them. The present study aimed to investigate the insects infesting low-chilling apple varieties. A study on “diversity of insects on low chilling apple varieties viz. HRMN-99, Dorsett Golden and Anna” was carried out in the Horticulture Experimental Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India, during 2023-24. Based on taxonomic classification, the insect species were placed into 6 different orders, viz. Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera and Aranea. Major insect pests recorded were woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), shot hole beetle and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and the remaining 6 species were recorded as minor insect pests. Natural enemies observed were ladybird beetles, braconid wasps and lynx spider, while honey bees visited as pollinators. Also, the prevailing weather conditions of the experimental region, especially during flowering and fruiting stages, and the insects recorded in response to particular intervals of time were presented along with the weather data. The results gathered throughout the study will aid in understanding the biodiversity of insect species linked to low chilling apple plants, thus impacting taxonomy and pest control in apples, especially within the Jorhat area. Consequently, further research may be conducted to obtain a clear understanding of insect pests linked to apple in this area, thus informing pest management approaches. Furthermore, examining the effectiveness of key natural foes is crucial to decrease the reliance on chemical pesticides and protect both them and the pollinators.

Study on Heterosis of Newly Developed Restorers in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]

Yogesh A. Shaniware — 2025-10-27

Background: Pearl millet yields in India have significantly increased due to the adoption of hybrid cultivars and improved management practices. Hybrid breeding is particularly effective for exploiting heterosis or hybrid vigour, which results in hybrid offspring exhibiting superior performance and productivity compared to their parents.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the extent of heterosis in newly developed restorer lines of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and to identify superior hybrid combinations in restorer lines for use in future breeding programs.

Place and Duration of the Study: The present investigation was undertaken at the Bajra Research Scheme, College of Agriculture, Dhule, India, during Summer-2023 and Kharif-2023.

Methods: The experimental material for heterosis and combining ability studies was developed during summer, 2023, in which twelve inbreds were used and crosses were made in a half diallel mating design of 12 X 12. The experimental material consisted of twelve diverse restorer lines, which were used as parents. The total number of treatments was 80, comprising 66 F₁s, 12 parents and 2 checks (Dhanshakti and Phule Mahashakti).

Results: Hybrid DHLBI-2201 X DHLBI-1825 recorded the highest relative heterosis (206.94%) and the highest heterobeltiosis (206.17%), also, it showed the highest heterosis over both the checks Phule Mahashakti and Dhanshakti. The cross combinations viz., DHLBI-2201 X DHLBI-1825, DHLBI-2201 X DHLBI-2210, and DHLBI-2205 X DHLBI-2208 were identified as best for mid-parent heterosis, better parent heterosis, standard heterosis and useful heterosis. These could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in segregating generations.

Conclusion: Hybrid DHLBI-2201 × DHLBI-1825 emerged as the most promising cross, exhibiting superior heterosis for grain and fodder yield, and holds strong potential for future pearl millet improvement programs.

Coconut Inflorescence Sap: Novel Supplement for Enhancing Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Inflorescence of Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Radhika R — 2025-10-27

Coconut exhibits recalcitrance to invitro regeneration due to its distinct morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics. Explant type and culture media composition are major factors influences embryogenic callus and somatic embryo induction. Immature inflorescence explants show greater responsiveness for somatic embryogenesis compared to plumule explants, which are less vegetative and represent a single embryo. Studies showed undefined organic additives could enhance invitro responses by promoting morphogenesis. Hence this study evaluated the effect of unfermented coconut inflorescence sap (CIS) on somatic embryogenesis from immature inflorescence explants invitro. Explants at various developmental stages were cultured on a standardized callus induction medium supplemented with CIS alone or combined with phytohormones. Explants at stages i3 (5–10 cm) and i4 (0–5 cm) exhibited superior morphogenic response and reduced browning with 10 ml L⁻¹ CIS. Among treatments, a medium containing 5.38 \(\mu\)M NAA, 4.5 \(\mu\)M TDZ, 66 \(\mu\)M 2,4-D, and 10 ml L⁻¹ CIS yielded the highest embryogenic callus induction (80.79%), while somatic embryo maturation peaked (72.93%) in medium with 4.54 μM 2,4-D, 20 μM BA, and 10 ml L⁻¹ CIS. These findings highlight CIS as a beneficial additive for improved somatic embryogenesis in coconut tissue culture.

In vivo Efficacy of ZnO Nanoparticles against Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Brinjal

Subhasish Dutta — 2025-10-28

The present investigation was carried out to determine the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles extracted from Azadirachta indica against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Brinjal under pot condition. The results revealed that all the treatments were effective in increasing plant growth parameters. All the treatments significantly decreased the galls, egg masses and the final nematode population in the soil over the control. The treatment with a combination of seedling root dip and soil treatment using Azadirachta indica-based ZnO nanoparticles significantly improved plant growth, with shoot length increasing to 21.792 cm compared to 15.032 cm in the control group. This treatment also achieved remarkable reductions of 74.5% in gall formation, 75.43% in egg masses, and 50.77% in final population in soil compared to untreated controls. The study showed that green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, particularly those produced using Azadirachta indica extract, provide an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for controlling root-knot nematodes in brinjal cultivation, effectively managing pests while also promoting plant growth.

Comparative Assessment of Early Seedling Vigour in Rice Genotypes under Laboratory and Direct-seeded Field Conditions

Saileela Maila — 2025-10-28

Early seedling vigour is vital for successful crop establishment, weed suppression, and yield potential in direct-seeded rice (DSR) systems. This study evaluated 86 rice genotypes for vigour-related traits under both laboratory (paper towel method) and dry DSR field conditions. Traits assessed on 14^thday after sowing included germination percentage, shoot and root length, total seedling length, dry weight and seedling vigour indices (SVI I and II). Significant genetic variability was observed across all traits and conditions. Genotypes exhibited greater shoot elongation in laboratory conditions and higher biomass under field conditions, indicating environment-specific trait expression. Using the cumulative vigour response index (CVRI) genotypes such as Varalu, Anjali, SMB 3, Arakalu and Warangal Samba were identified as highly vigorous across environments. Strong positive correlations were found among key traits especially between total seedling length and SVI I and between dry weight and SVI II. Principal component analysis showed PC1 accounted for 44.2% of total variation, with most vigour traits contributing positively. This integrated phenotyping approach revealed substantial genetic variation for early seedling vigour, supporting the selection of genotypes with rapid early growth and biomass accumulation, essential for improving establishment and performance in DSR systems.

Floral Biology and Pollination Behaviour in Caygua (Cyclanthera pedata L. Schrad.)

Pranava Praanjal — 2025-10-28

A total of six caygua genotypes collected locally were raised in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated four times for conducting this investigation. Floral traits such as flower diameter, flower length, pedicel length days to first male and female flowering, sex ratio, pollen germination and pollen viability were observed. The minimum days taken to first male flowering was 26.75 and earliest female flowering took 27.75 days. The most favourable sex ratio was recorded at 17.25 male per female flowers. Anthesis started from 4.00 a.m. and continued to till 9 a.m. in all the 6 genotypes observed. The peak period of anther dehiscence was recorded between 5.00 am to 7.00 am. The maximum pollen germination obtained was 66.66% while maximum pollen viability was 94.37%. Hand pollination proved to be better for fruit set as compared to insect pollination. Stigma receptivity determined by fruit set method was recorded maximum during full bloom stage followed by bud stage and least in withering stage. Knowledge of floral biology is important to carry out successful plant breeding programme as it helps in understanding and determining the breeding behaviour of particular plant species.

GADC 3 (Wagad Gaurav): A Newly Developed High-yielding Desi Cotton (G. herbaceum) Variety through Pedigree Method

Patidar, D. R. — 2025-10-28

A high yielding herbaceum cotton variety Gujarat Anand Desi Cotton 3 (GADC 3: WagadGaurav) tested as GVhv 767 was developed by Regional Cotton Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Viramgam and released in the year of 2019. It was notified during the year 2020 for the North West Agroclimatic Zone - V and Bhal and Coastal Agroclimatic Zone-VIII of Gujarat. It is a variety derivative of the intraspecific varietal cross between GVhv 104 and GVhv 504. GADC 3 is semi open boll type in nature with determinant growth habit and smooth boll surface. Pedigree method of selection was used for development of high yielding genotypes under rainfed condition. Existing G. herbaceum cultivars show limited adaptability and productivity under the erratic rainfall and marginal soil conditions prevailing in the North West (Zone V) and Bhal & Coastal (Zone VIII) regions of Gujarat. A new cultivar with wider adaptability is essential to ensure stable yield performance under rainfed conditions. The variety GADC 3 (Wagad Gaurav) had produced average seed cotton yield of 2150 kg/ha. This variety gave 34.02, 15.01 and 27.54% higher seed cotton yield and 34.87, 26.67 and 27.28% higher lint yield over check varieties G. Cot.21, ADC 1 and GADC 2, respectively in the rainfed condition of Gujarat state.The ginning percentage (%) of GADC 3 is 44.8% which is equivalent with check variety G. Cot. 21 (44.2%) and higher than ADC 1(42.2%) and GADC 2 (43.8%). Seeds contain 14.9 % oil. GADC 3has recorded fibre length (upper half mean) of 22.7 mm, fibre fineness of 5.1µg/inch and bundle strength of 22.5 g/tex in HVI mode of fibre quality testing. The genotype GADC 3 was moderate tolerant to root rot, bacterial leaf blight, alternaria leaf blight and wilt as well as major pests including sucking pests and boll worm complex under field conditions. These results indicate that GADC 3 is well-suited for cultivation in Agro-climatic Zones V and VIII of Gujarat to achieve maximum yield and profit.

Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on Total Viable Count in HDK-75 Pigs

Meenakshi Kalita — 2025-10-28

Twenty Four number of HDK-75 pigs were divided into four groups each consisting of 6 animals in each group. Tinospora cordifolia stem powder was given to Control ( C) , T₁, T₂ and T₃ along with basal diet at the rate of 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % respectively. The control groups were not supplemented with Tinospora cordifolia stem powder. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of six months. It was observed that the control group has comparatively higher total viable coliform count (CFU/gm) (P<0.001) in Control group followed by T₁, T₂and T₃ group. Also by studying the antibacterial property of Tinospora codifolia against E. coli, it can be concluded that reduced E. coli count that was found in T₃ group is due to feeding of Tinospora cordifolia stem. It can be concluded that Tinospora cordifolia when included in the pig diets at 1.5% level were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli in the gut due to its antibacterial activity and thereby results in better animal performance as there is less competition between good and bad bacteria.

Correlation and Path Analysis in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits

Komalpreet Kour — 2025-10-29

The present investigation, entitled “Correlation and Path analysis in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] for yield and yield attributing traits”, was carried out using thirty genotypes of pearl millet to determine the extent of variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient analysis. The experiment was conducted in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications at the crop research farm, Tantia University, Sriganganagar, during Kharif, 2024. The observations were recorded for ten different traits viz., days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), effective tiller/plant, ear head length (cm), ear head girth (cm), test weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%).

The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied, which indicates the presence of a considerable amount of variability for all the traits under study. Among the genotypes, the genotype HHB-68 recorded maximum grain yield per plant, ear head length, ear head girth and test weight.

In the present study, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for biological yield per plant, followed by grain yield per plant, effective tiller/plant, test weight and harvest index. This result suggested that the selection of these characters will be useful for the improvement of the crop.

Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield per plant exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with effective tiller/plant, plant height, ear head length, ear head girth, test weight and biological yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Thus, these characters were the most important traits and may impart considerable respect for higher grain yield.

Based on the variability, correlation and path analysis, it can be concluded that the number of effective tiller tillers per plant, ear head length, ear head diameter and biological yield per plant could be used as selection criteria to identify the suitable genotypes for future breeding programmes.

Effect of Curd Cutting Techniques and Micronutrient Application on Plant Growth and Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis L.) for Seed Production

Manju Kumari — 2025-10-29

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is an important member of Cruciferae having chromosome number 2n= 2x=18. The present investigation entitled “Curd Cutting Techniques and Micronutrients Application on Seed Yield and Quality of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)” was conducted at vegetable seed production farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAC, Sabour for two years 2019-20 and 2020-21. There was two level of boron in form of borax (0.3% and 0.4%) and molybdenum (Mo) in the form of ammonium molybdate (0.15% and 0.20%) sprayed at 40 and 60 days after transplanting. Four curd cutting techniques were applied viz., intact curd (S₁), scooping (S₂), cross cutting (S₃) and one fourth curd removal (S₄) on variety (Sabour Agrim) the design of the experiment was Factorial Randomised Block Design with 36 treatment combinations which were replicated thrice. The effect of curd cutting techniques revealed that significantly maximum plant height (82.99 cm), number of leaves per plant (21.92), curd polar diameter (12.31cm), curd equilateral diameter (22.79 cm), seed yield per plant (48.67 g), least days taken to maturity of siliqua (183.06 days) were recorded in scooping (S2) central portion of curd was removed these were significantly superior to other curd cutting methods. The minimum plant height (78.82 cm), number of leaves per plant (19.31), curd polar diameter (10.77 cm), curd equilateral diameter (19.46cm), seed yield per plant (20.76 g), and maximum days taken to maturity of Siliqua (184.37) were recorded with (S1) intact curd.

The effect of micronutrient application revealed that maximum plant height (84.41cm), number of leaves per plant (22.70), curd polar diameter (12.14 cm), curd equilateral diameter (23.13 cm), seed yield per plant (43.45 g) and least days to taken maturity of siliqua (180.88 days) were recorded with foliar application of 0.3% boron with 0.15% molybdenum (M5).

The interaction effect due to curd cutting techniques and micronutrients for number of leaves per plant, curd equilateral diameter and seed yield per plant was found to be significant meaning thereby that different methods of curd cutting influenced with micronutrients and vice-versa., the treatment combinations S2M5 (scooping with 0.3% boron and 0.15% molybdenum) gave the maximum plant height (87.41 cm), number of leaves per plant (24.67), curd polar diameter was (13.81 cm), curd equilateral diameter (25.24 cm), seed yield per plant (63.31 g ) and least days taken to maturity of siliqua (176.50 days).

Influence of Seed Priming Techniques on Field Performance and Yield Attributes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Madhusudhan Reddy Kunreddy — 2025-10-29

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the influence of various seed priming techniques on the field performance of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cv. Kahalgaon Local. Due to its hard seed coat, bitter gourd seeds exhibit slow and uneven germination, which negatively affects field establishment. To address this, multiple seed priming techniques; hydro-priming with distilled water, osmo-priming with PEG, halo-priming with KNO₃, and hormonal priming using GA₃ at different concentrations (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) were applied for 12 and 18 hours, with unprimed seeds serving as the control. Among all treatments, hormonal priming with GA₃ at 500 ppm for 18 hours significantly improved the speed of emergence, field emergence index, relative growth rate, seedling vigor, and average fruit yield per plant. The findings suggest that pre-sowing seed treatment with GA₃ @ 500 ppm for 18 hours enhances field performance and yield potential of bitter gourd by promoting early and vigorous seedling growth.

Analysis of Correlation and Path Coefficient in F1 and F2 Generations of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Normal and Heat Stress Condition

Prem Kumar — 2025-10-29

The significant positive correlation of phenotypic and genotypic performance as well as path correlation of crops helps in selection of the superior cultivars. Based upon important significance of these estimates, it was applied in our research. For this an experiment comprised of 16 parental lines and five testers following line x tester mating design. During Rabi season 2024-25, Twenty-one parents, 80 F₁s and 80 F₂s were sown (25 November) in Normal and Late (25 December) condition, in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at Nawabganj Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.). A study on Twenty-three characters revealed that there was a highly significant and positive association of grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with biological yield per plant and productive tillers per plant, Also, the grain yield per plant exhibited non-significant and negative correlation with number of leaf rolling and days to 50% heading. The highest positive direct and indirect effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by biological yield per plant followed by harvest-index. The characters contributed negative direct effect on grain yield per plant were number of spikelets per spike and days to anthesis. on the other hand, productive tillers per plant via biological yield showed positive indirect effect and days to 50% heading via biological yield showed negative indirect effect on grain yield per plant. As a result, these characters should be given weightiness for the future wheat improvement.

Effect of Sowing Time, Variety and Propagation Method on the Storage Behavior of Potato Tubers under Ambient Conditions

Deepanshi Deora — 2025-10-29

The Net House experiment was conducted in the Experimental Area. ICAR–Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station (ICAR-CPRI-RS), Maharajpura, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, during two Rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25. The aim was to evaluate the effect of sowing time, variety, and propagation method on the storage behavior of potato tubers under ambient conditions. A split-plot design was used in this experiment with three replications. Parameters evaluated included initial tuber number and weight, physiological loss in weight (PLW), rottage, sprouting percentage, dormancy breaking, and number of sprouts per tuber. Results indicated that sowing time and variety significantly affected initial tuber number, while propagation method had minimal impact. PLW increased progressively with storage duration, with the highest losses observed in late sowing (3rd sowing) and aeroponics minituber propagation. No sprouting or dormancy breaking occurred up to 60 days, and tubers remained rot-free for 45 days. Interaction effects showed slightly higher rottage in late-sown Kufri Sangam propagated via aeroponics, though differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that tubers can maintain dormancy and health for at least two months under ambient storage, providing valuable insights for potato postharvest management.

Biophysical and Biochemical Evaluation of Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.in Relation to Pod-borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Infestation

Shravan Kumar Verma — 2025-10-29

An experiment was conducted to study the biophysical and biochemical attributes of Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes in relation to their susceptibility to the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Among10 different genotypes evaluated, ICP 7803-1 recorded significantly highest pod damage (47.50%) followed by ICP 1535-1 (42.50%) and ICP 9577-1 (41.3 %). No pod damage was recorded in ICP 16674-1 and ICP 60-1 whereas lowest pod damage was recorded in ICP 939-1, ICP 11281-1, IPA-203 and Asha, being 0.50%, 0.50%, 15.50% and, 17.50%, respectively. In context to the biophysical parameters, the trichome density and length (leaves and pods) and pod wall thickness exhibited significantly negative correlation (r = -0.969**, -0.985**, -0.984**, -0.935**and -0.948**) with percent pod damage whereas, pod length and width showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.925 and 0.940).Among the biochemical characteristics, the protein and sugar levels in seeds demonstrated a notable positive correlation, while the total phenolics, tannins, and total flavonoids indicated a significant negative correlation with the percentage of pod damage caused by the pod borer, H. armigera. Consequently, the genotypes exhibiting the thickest pod walls, longer densely packed trichomes, and elevated levels of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids demonstrated greater resistance to the pod borer, H. armigera.

Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression for Yield and Quality Traits in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Vishal Yadav — 2025-10-29

A study focusing on heterosis and inbreeding depression was carried out by selection of 10 diverse genetic background parents of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in a half-diallel fashion to produce 45 F₁ crosses. The objective was to evaluate the heterobeltiosis (over better parent) and standard heterosis (over check) and inbreeding depression for traits yield and quality (viz. ascorbic acid content, capsaicin content, capsanthin content and oleoresin content) and to estimate inbreeding depression (F₁ over F₂) for the same traits. Results indicated substantial heterosis for fresh fruit yield, number of fruits per plant^-1 and several quality traits. The top performing crosses included Kashi Anmol × Arka Lohit (F₁ 631.95 g/plant, F₂ 588.44 g/plant, heterosis over check 85.8%, ID 6.89%), Kashi Anmol × IC 572478 (F₁ 586.54 g, F₂ 535.04 g, heterosis 72.44%, ID 8.78%) and Arka Lohit × IC 572478 (F₁ 545.57 g, F₂ 554.72 g, heterosis 60.40%; ID -1.68%). Trait-wise heterosis and inbreeding depression varied, indicating in selection of new hybrids for exploitation in yield and quality traits.

Effect of Hydrogel and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Physico-chemical Properties of Soil

Ayushi Soni — 2025-10-30

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2024-25 at Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur (Rajasthan) to evaluate the effect of hydrogel and biofertilizer (Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria) application on the growth, yield, soil health, and economic performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under semi-arid conditions. The results revealed that treatments significantly improved plant growth parameters, yield components, and soil properties compared to individual treatments and the control. The treatment T₈ (Hydrogel 7.5 kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB) recorded the highest plant height (46.78 cm), dry matter accumulation (24.88 g/plant), number of nodules (25.12/plant), pods per plant (45.75), seed index (25.45 g) and seed yield (1545 kg/ha). Correspondingly, T₈ also improve the soil physical and chemical properties, with reduced bulk and particle densities and enhanced organic carbon and available NPK levels. Economic analysis showed that although T₈ incurred the highest cultivation cost (₹35,463/ha), it also resulted in the maximum gross returns (₹77,250/ha), net returns (₹41,787/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (2.18), indicating high profitability. The findings suggest that the combined application of hydrogel and biofertilizers significantly enhances chickpea productivity, soil health, and economic returns, presenting a sustainable approach for chick pea cultivation in moisture-stressed Agro ecosystems.

Production and Characterization of Gluconic Acid from Aspergillus sp Using Agro-residues as a Substrate

Williams, K. F — 2025-10-30

Gluconic Acid is a mild organic acid which finds application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. This study, explored the production of gluconic acid through submerged fermentation using ground nut peel and corn cob as a substrates. The soil sample from Rumuokoro dumpsite had a total fungal count of 4.5 × 10⁴ while the sample from Rukpokwu farmland was 1.8 × 10⁴ and the mile 3 sample had 3.4 × 10⁴ total fungal count. Six fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium sp) were isolated and identified. Screening of the fungal species showed that Aspergillus niger demonstrated the highest gluconic acid producer. The best production conditions for gluconic acid were, substrate concentration: 30g, carbon source: corncob and groundnut peel, incubation period: 7days, pH: 6. The groundnut peel revealed proximate composition of carbohydrate content 55.4% ,moisture content 6.87% while the corn cob revealed carbohydrate content 76.18%, moisture content 15.05%. The FTIR showed the functional group present, which are the chloro C - CL symmetric stretch, carboxylic acid, methylene CH stretch, carboxylic acid methylene CH stretch, primary alcohol OH stretch and tertiary OH stretch from the study. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the present of gluconic acid. It is concluded that high yield of gluconic acid can be produced from groundnut peel and corn cob using A. niger.

Heritability of Morphological and Yield Traits in F2 Populations of Jalapeño Pepper

Francisco Alfonso Gordillo Melgoza — 2025-10-31

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate F₂ populations of jalapeño peppers by estimating genetic parameters for morphological and yield characteristics.

Study Design: Seven jalapeño pepper entries were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Statistical analyses were conducted in R. Genetic parameters were estimated from phenotypic and genotypic variances, coefficients of variation, and broad-sense heritability. Genetic correlations among quantitative traits were determined using linear mixed models, with block as a fixed effect and genotype as a random effect. Models were fitted by the REML method to obtain Best Linear Unbiased Predictors, from which correlations were calculated.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the experimental fields of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The study was carried out from March to September 2024.

Methodology: Seeds from seven jalapeño pepper genotypes collected in Chihuahua, Mexico, were disinfected and sown in trays using a peat moss–perlite–humus substrate before transplantation.

Results: The results show genetic variability among jalapeño genotypes for most fruit traits. Fruit length, width, and wall thickness showed high heritability, indicating strong genetic control, while fruit number, weight, and yield per plant had low heritability, reflecting environmental influence. The genotype Ori had the highest yield, Bal produced the most fruits, and Mix had the widest, heaviest fruits with thicker walls. Strong positive correlations were found between fruit width and wall thickness and between wall thickness and fruit weight, while negative correlations were observed between fruit width and fruit number.

Conclusion: The F₂ jalapeño populations showed genetic variability, with Bal, Mix, and Ori standing out for fruit size and yield. High heritability in fruit traits and strong environmental effects on yield indicate good potential for developing new genotypes.

Evaluation of MAS-derived Inbreds and Hybrid Variants of Maize Hybrid 'Hema' for Resistance to Late Wilt Disease (Magnaporthiopsis maydis)

Abhijeet Mudhale — 2025-10-31

Late wilt disease (LWD), caused by Magnaporthiopsis maydis, is a serious constraint in maize production, particularly affecting hybrids like ‘Hema’. In this study, 11 inbred lines, developed from the susceptible parent NAI-137 using marker-assisted selection (MAS), were evaluated alongside their hybrids (crossed with Hema's original male parent) under LWD-endemic conditions at Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru using an alpha lattice design with three replications. The inbreds displayed enhanced resistance (lowest LWD score: 3.11), and their hybrids exhibited improved agronomic traits. Notably, hybrids H3 and H8 outperformed the check Hema by 11.25% and 2.15% in yield respectively, with superior resistance (scores of 2.8 and 3.8). Statistical analyses revealed significant genetic variation, with strong trait correlations. Principle component analysis (PCA) explained 60.2% of the total variation. Grain yield showed strong positive correlations with cob width, cob weight per plant, and cob length. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into two distinct clusters, suggesting clear phenotypic diversity. The results highlight the potential of MAS-derived inbreds for developing high-yielding, disease-resistant maize hybrids suitable for LWD-prone environments.

Comparative Performance of Mungbean Genotypes against Major Pod-associated Insect Pests under Field Condition in Central Uttar Pradesh

Ram Kishor — 2025-11-01

The field experiment was carried out at Student’s Instructional Farm (SIF) of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh. Screening of mungbean genotypes against pod borer complex during zaid 2024 and 2025. The germplasm KM 2450 was found most effective or promising in suppressing the pod borer complex and produced maximum yield 9.18 q/ha. followed by IPM 311(9.06), NDM1911(8.89), KM2452(8.63), IPM406(8.58), KM2328(8.54) and IPM023 (8.39 q/ha). Among 19 genotypes ten were categorized as moderately resistant which have 25 to 75% pest susceptibility against pod borer complex of mungbean. These were KM2450, KM2328, IPM023, KM2438, KM2452, IPM311, NDM1911, KM2439, IPM406 and PDM139.

Screening for Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance in F4 Families of the Cross JNA1 and Byadgi Dabbi in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Rakesh S. Patil — 2025-11-01

Powdery mildew, caused by Leveillula taurica, is one of the major foliar diseases limiting chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity. The present study investigated the progression of powdery mildew and evaluated resistance in F₄ families derived from the cross JNA1 × Byadgi Dabbi during the late Kharif season of 2024-25 under natural epiphytotic conditions. Weekly disease monitoring was conducted from late December 2024 to February 2025. Initial symptoms were observed in the first week of January, with disease incidence gradually intensifying and peaking by the eighth week. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values steadily increased from the first to the seventh week, while the highest apparent infection rate (r) was recorded in mid-February, indicating a rapid surge in disease severity. Resistance screening of F₄ lines was performed at the fruit maturity stage using the 0-9 scale, none of the genotypes exhibited complete immunity (I). However, 11 genotypes displayed a highly resistant (HR) reaction and 9 were resistant (R), reflecting low levels of infection. The majority, 12 genotypes, were moderately resistant (MR), while 7 and 6 genotypes were classified as moderately susceptible (MS) and highly susceptible (HS), respectively. The wide distribution of resistance responses highlights significant genetic variability within the disease population. These findings emphasize the continuous and aggressive increase of powdery mildew in chilli and provide a valuable genetic base for selecting resistant lines in breeding programs aimed at developing powdery mildew resistance.

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Fertilisation on Growth, Yield, and Economics of Late-Sown Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under Central India Conditions

Aayushi Shah — 2025-11-01

Rapeseed and mustard are the world's third most significant oilseed crops, accounting for 28.6% of total oilseed crop production. Indian mustard, a key winter oilseed crop, is the second most significant edible oilseed in India, contributing 27.8% to the nation's oilseed economy, after soybean, and ranks third in global rapeseed-mustard production. The study investigated the impact of nitrogen and sulphur levels on the growth, yield, and economic performance of late-sown Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. The experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024-25 at the School of Agriculture, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University, Bhopal. Eight treatment combinations were tested, with nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha⁻¹) and sulphur levels (0 and 20 kg ha⁻¹). The results showed that both nitrogen and sulphur significantly influenced growth parameters, such as plant height, number of branches, and plant population. The combined application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and 20 kg S ha⁻¹ was the most effective in enhancing all observed parameters. Regression analysis indicated the optimum nitrogen requirement for mustard to be 122.96 kg ha^-1, producing an estimated grain response of 424.90 kg grain kg N^-1 and 14.10 kg grain kg S^-1. The study also highlighted the importance of balanced nutrient management in optimising nitrogen and sulphur use efficiency, improving economic returns, and maintaining soil health. The treatment resulted in the highest seed yield, straw yield, and net returns, with the best benefit-cost ratio. Soil analysis post-harvest revealed improved residual fertility in plots receiving higher doses of nitrogen and sulphur. Overall, the study concluded that the individual application of 20 kg S ha^-1 and 120 kg N ha^-1 significantly enhanced the yield and profitability of mustard cultivation, confirming their agronomic and economic importance.

Impact of Leaf Fortification and Semi-synthetic Diet on Pupal Parameters of FC1 × FC2 Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Neha Vilasrao Raut — 2025-10-27

In sericulture industry, silkworm pupae are often regarded as waste, but this waste material is the treasure of nutrition and has a high demand in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Nutrition affects the larval growth which affects the pupal parameters. So, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of leaf fortification and semi-synthetic diet on pupal parameters of FC₁ × FC₂silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Chawki (I and II instars) rearing was done on only mulberry leaves while late age rearing (III, IV and V instars) on fortified leaves and semi-synthetic diet. Fortified leaves contained spirulina (2.5 % w/v), corn flour (4 % w/v), soya flour (5 % w/v), cowpea seed powder (10 % w/v), pumpkin seed powder (50, 100 and 150 mg) dusted per leaf for late age instars larvae (III, IV and V instars), respectively and semi-synthetic diet as per the feeding requirement were fed to third instars onwards. All the fortified leaf treatments as well as semi-synthetic diet treatment enhanced the pupal parameters over control. Ten per cent cowpea seed powder solution fortification significantly recorded superior pupal parameters with pupal length (2.94 cm), pupal breadth (12.32 mm) and pupal weight (1.76 g) followed by pumpkin seed powder fortification with pupal length (2.87 cm), pupal breadth (12.07 mm) and pupal weight (1.74 g). Lower performance in semi-synthetic diet may be attributed to diet transition while lowest performance was observed in the control.

Studies on Status and Host Range of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Its Natural Enemies on Different Crops in Jammu District, India

Monika Singh — 2025-10-28

Widespread application of chemical pesticides may result in the destruction of beneficial insects, causing a resurgence of pests that had been managed in ecosystems for many years. To safeguard these beneficial organisms, it is essential to mitigate the non-target effects of most pesticides; however, this requires understanding the potential native natural enemies in the ecosystem and evaluating their possible ecosystem services against current spodopteran pest threats. Studies on the host range of fall armyworm and its natural enemies were undertaken at SKUAST-Jammu for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) was encompassing by fortnightly surveys across three distinct areas in Jammu district viz., Nagrota, Marh and R.S. Pura Block. The widespread infestations of fall armyworm (FAW) were observed on varied host plants viz., maize, cowpea, chilli, sorghum, sugarcane, cabbage and cauliflower, belonging to four major families (Poaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae). The detailed studies on pest status revealed that fall armyworm was a major pest on maize in Nagrota, Marh and R.S. Pura Block during both years. Among natural enemies, ten natural enemies categorised into predators and parasitoids of fall armyworm were recorded in the maize ecosystem. Among the parasitoids, Chelonus sp., Campoletis chlorideae, Cotesia sp. and Tetrastichus howardi were recorded parasitising various stages of the fall armyworm life cycle. Alongside the parasitoids, a significant number of predators were meticulously recorded within the maize ecosystem. Among them, the presence of the formidable Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) as a predator of fall armyworm was also observed. Thus, fall armyworm infestation, particularly in maize, with minor infestations observed in chilli, cabbage and sugarcane and in the maize ecosystem, ten natural enemies, comprising predators and parasitoids of fall armyworm, were identified.

Growth Performance of White Pekin Duck in Farmers Field Condition

Asem Ameeta Devi — 2025-10-31

Duck farming has great potential of income generation with minimum investment as it is an old traditional practice in hill district of Manipur. Scientific interventions directed towards improvement in duck rearing practices can play a pivotal role in making it a self-sustainable and lucrative venture. The present study was conducted under Front-Line Demonstration (FLD) programme of KVK Chandel to evaluate different economic parameters under backyard system of rearing of White Pekin ducks in the hill district of Manipur. The study was conducted for a period of two years starting from 2022-24 covering 3 villages viz Modi, Lambung and Kapam village from Chandel district. A total of 15 beneficiaries having 5 farmers per village who are having prior experience in duck farming were selected for the study. Each beneficiary (Farmer) was provided with 30 numbers of 2 weeks old White Pekin ducklings at the ratio of (1:1) male, female fifteen nos each per farmer. Subsequently, a total of 450nos of ducklings were reared under semi-intensive system with supplementation of locally available feedstuff. They were offered optimal amount of feed that included a mixture of grains, crushed maize, boiled and broken rice, kitchen waste and local grasses etc. The ducklings were provided with all necessary health care support besides vaccinating them against duck plague.Body weight was recorded at fornightly interval from second week onwards till 16^th week of age for male and female both. The results of the study revealed that the average body weight of ducks at 2^nd , 4^th , 6^th ,8^th 10^th 12^th ,14^th and 16^th week of age .Initial body weight was recorded as198.45 ± 2.69, 156.36 ± 2.03 grams respectively for male and female at 2^nd week and final recorded body weight at 16^th week were recorded as 3480.06 ± 4.09 and 2985.15 ± 5.06 . The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) could be estimated as 3.07 ± 0.35 at 16 week(4month). whereas the mortality rate was recorded to be 4.4±0.24. The dressing percentage recorded was 68.87±0. The estimated benefit cost ratio was 3.12±0.26. The findings of the study clearly indicate that backyard rearing of White Pekin duck is a promising venture for the resource-poor farmers.

Severe Subaortic Stenosis in a Six-Year-Old Pug

Ramanpreet Singh — 2025-10-27

Aims: Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is the most frequently diagnosed form of aortic stenosis in dogs, typically identified in large breeds during early life. However, its manifestation in atypical breeds or adult animals is less commonly described. This case report highlights the diagnostic approach, clinical course and medical management of SAS in a Pug, emphasizing its relevance in older small-breed dogs.

Presentation of Case: A six-year-old intact male Pug was presented with exertional intolerance and syncopal episodes. Clinical examination revealed a grade V/VI systolic murmur at the left heart base. Hemato-biochemical parameters, including liver and renal function tests were within normal ranges. Thoracic radiography demonstrated cardiomegaly, while electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm with ST slurring. Echocardiography identified a broad fibromuscular ridge in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and a peak aortic velocity of 5.41 m/s, corresponding to a transvalvular gradient of 117.12 mmHg, consistent with severe SAS. Diastolic dysfunction was evidenced by a reversed E/A ratio on pulsed-wave Doppler. The dog was managed with atenolol (6.25 mg PO q12h) alongside exercise restriction. At five-month follow-up, the owner reported improved tolerance to activity with no recurrence of syncope.

Discussion and Conclusion: This case underscores the clinical importance of considering SAS in adult dogs of any breed presenting with exertional collapse. Echocardiography remains indispensable for definitive diagnosis and grading severity. While the prognosis of severe SAS is guarded, medical therapy with beta-blockers may provide symptomatic relief and short-term improvement.

Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Cardioprotective Agents: Mechanisms and Applications

Vaishali Bajaj — 2025-10-30

Aims: This review aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Study Design: Review-based study synthesizing evidence from experimental, preclinical, and clinical investigations.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using published peer-reviewed studies focusing on plant-based phytochemicals with demonstrated cardioprotective properties.

Results: Phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and vasodilatory effects. Evidence indicates their role in reducing atherosclerosis, improving endothelial function, and lowering cardiovascular risk. However, clinical translation is limited due to challenges such as low bioavailability, variability in plant sources, and limited large-scale trials.

Conclusion: Phytochemicals represent promising adjuncts in cardiovascular disease prevention and management. Further research is required to enhance bioavailability, establish standardized dosages, and validate efficacy through large-scale clinical trials.

An Overview on Leveraging Haplotype-based Genomic Selection for Precision Plant Breeding

B. P. Maruthi Prasad — 2025-10-25

Haplotype-based genomic selection (GS) represents a transformative evolution in the field of precision plant breeding. This methodology integrates haplotypes defined as blocks of DNA variations inherited together with advanced genomic selection frameworks to improve the prediction of complex traits, such as yield and stress resilience. By capturing local epistatic interactions and reducing genotyping costs through efficient marker selection, haplotype-based Genomic selection enhances prediction accuracy and accelerates breeding cycles. This review discusses the foundational principles, methodologies, applications, and future prospects of haplotype-based Genomic selection, emphasizing its critical role in modern plant breeding programs aimed at addressing global food security challenges.

The Silent Killer: A Review Unfolding the Mystery of Fungal Pathogens Causing Canker Diseases in Tree Crops

Adithya Sreekumar — 2025-10-27

Canker diseases caused by fungal pathogens pose a formidable threat to global forest ecosystems and commercial tree crops, often resulting in extensive economic and ecological losses. Major fungal genera associated with canker development include: Phytophthora, Hypoxylon, Chrysoporthe, Cytospora, Fusarium, Seiridium, Botryosphaeria, Phomopsis, Ceratocystis, Cryptodiaporthe, Gremmeniella, Nectria, Sirococcus clavigignenti juglandacearum, Lasiodiplodia and Sphaeropsis. The interplay between host susceptibility, climate change and fungal virulence factors emerges as a central theme influencing canker outbreaks across diverse agroecological zones. Each pathogen is examined through the lens of its characteristic symptoms, from classic sunken, girdling cankers to unique features like gummosis, dieback, fruit blemishes and vascular discoloration. Early diagnosis of plant diseases is critical for timely and appropriate management, especially in high-density orchards where pathogens can spread rapidly. Accurate identification and characterization are crucial for increasing knowledge about these pathogens and developing effective management strategies. Despite extensive reports, information on pathogen diversity, host interactions, and disease progression remains fragmented. By mapping the fungal diversity involved in canker development, this review underscores the urgent need for proactive, cross-disciplinary approaches to safeguard forest and orchard health in the face of phytopathological threats.

A Review on Advances in Dwarfing Fruit Trees: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

Omar lllroy Ursula de Souza — 2025-10-27

Dwarfing of fruit trees is a central breeding strategy to increase orchard productivity, eﬃciency of input use as well as fruit yield and quality. By decreasing tree vigor (maturity period) and size, dwarfing increases the potential for high-density planting, simplifies orchard operations and induces early precocious fruit production to meet the requirements of present-day intensive fruit culture. This review provides a synthesis of new developments in dwarfing technology via scion stock relationship, which are discussed with respect to practical effects on fruit crops, along with the recent progress and prospects to determine challenges for this purpose. New Stock union systems involving dwarfing rootstocks (e.g. M.9 for apples) and inter-stocks have revolutionised management and maximized yield. These approaches capitalize on these physiological and molecular processes, involving a modified hydraulic conductance, hormonal signalling and QTL gene transfer (e.g.,cDw1 in apple), to reduce tree size by 30–70% from standard rootstocks while increasing fruit set and quality. e.g. tetraploid rootstocks in citrus reduce canopy volume up to 20–30% and Geneva series rootstocks in apples are dwarfing resistant rootstocks. Then interstock grafting involving cultivars like SH40 in apples is in addition able to further modulate vigor under stress conditions showing the capacities for adaptation to environmental constraints. These innovations allow for high-density orchards, enhancing light interception, and photosynthesis efficiency and economic return. Furthermore, advances in molecular understanding of graft union physiology and gene expression are improving dwarfing precision by providing customized solutions for crops such as apple, citrus, and pear. However, challenges remain such as rootstock-scion incompatibility, variability of performance under different climates and for a few fruit species limited dwarfing options. New cell technologies, for example CRISPR-mediated editing, can be combined in the future to create new dwarf rootstocks with improved stress tolerance and compatibility. Moreover, sensing-based precision agriculture systems can be used to maximize the dwarfing effects in different farming systems. These challenges will need to be addressed through interdisciplinary research which optimises the benefits of dwarfing with long term sustainability. This conclusion emphasizes the transformation of fruit production that can be achieved by grafting-based dwarfing, and expresses its parameter for success in global food security.

Fusarium: The Versatile Soil Borne Pathogen and Its Integrated Management

Swarna Kurmi — 2025-10-28

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is a destructive vascular disease affecting diverse crops such as peas, tomatoes, bananas, and cotton. The pathogen invades the xylem, disrupting water transport and leading to chlorosis, wilting, and plant death. Its survival is facilitated by resistant chlamydospores that persist in soil for years, complicating disease management. Severe yield losses, often reaching 100% in susceptible cultivars, have been reported worldwide. Although crop rotation, biological control agents, and resistant varieties offer partial control, the absence of a completely effective strategy remains a major challenge. Excessive reliance on chemical fungicides has further contributed to environmental and health concerns, as well as pathogen resistance. Hence, the development and adoption of integrated and sustainable management practices are crucial for effective suppression of Fusarium wilt.