Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Comparative Correlation Analysis in M\(_2\) Populations of Horse Gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum [Lam.] Verdc.) Generated Using Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) and Sodium Azide (SA)

Chetangouda G Patil — 2026-01-31

Aims: Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) an underutilized legume valued for its drought tolerance and nutritional richness suffers from limited improvement due to its narrow genetic base and self pollinating nature. The present study aimed to determine the correlations between seed yield and its component traits in EMS and SA induced M₂ populations with the goal of influential yield components for indirect selection and breeding strategies.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted using an augmented design with four blocks and five checks whereM₂ populations were raised from chemical mutagenic treatments and evaluated alongside checks.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out during late Kharif 2023–2024 at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.

Methodology: Seeds of the horse gram variety GPM-6 were treated with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS: 0.1–0.4%) and sodium azide (SA: 0.03–0.1%) to generate M₂ populations. Data were collected on nine morpho-physiological traits like, days to germination (GD), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), number of pods per plant (NOP), pod length (PL), number of seeds per pod (NSPP), test weight (TW) and seed yield per plant (SYPP). Phenotypic correlation coefficients were estimated and significance was tested using standard statistical methods. Analyses were performed in RStudio software.

Results: In EMS derived populations, SYPP showed a very strong positive correlation with NOP (r = 0.92) and moderate positive associations with NSPP, PL and PH while GD was negatively correlated. In SA derived populations SYPP was strongly associated with NOP (r = 0.94), PH, NSPP and PL but TW showed negative associations with both SYPP and NOP. These mutagen specific insights highlighted the importance of correlation analysis for designing effective breeding strategies in horse gram improvement.

Conclusion: The study identified NOP, NSPP and PL as the most reliable yield contributing traits for simultaneous consideration during selection. Therefore, the generated two M₂ populations may be advanced through further breeding programs to develop high yielding varieties of horse gram.

Epidemiological Study of Respiratory Tract Diseases in Dogs at Jabalpur, India

Ruchi Nirmal — 2026-01-31

The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological incidence of respiratory tract diseases in dogs presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University (NDVSU), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 2397 dogs of either sex, irrespective of breed and age, were screened over a period of six months from June to November 2025. Among these, 117 dogs were found to be affected with respiratory tract diseases, resulting in an overall incidence of 4.88 per cent. The highest distribution was recorded in dogs above six years of age, gender wise distribution revealed that male dogs were more commonly affected, and breed wise distribution showed that the highest number of affected dogs belonged to non-descript breeds, followed by Labrador Retrievers. The most common clinical abnormalities observed were cough (76.07%), inappetence (58.12%), nasal discharge (54.70%), lethargy (40.17%) and fever (37.61%). The study provides baseline epidemiological evidence that can support early diagnosis, disease surveillance and informed preventive and therapeutic strategies for respiratory tract diseases in dogs.

HPTLC-Assisted Quantification of Active Phytoconstituents in the Aqueous Extract of Anti-hyperlipidemic Herbal Formulation

Pankaj Kumar Umar — 2026-01-31

Hyperlipidemia represents a significant metabolic abnormality characterized by elevated lipid levels that predispose individuals to cardiovascular complications. Although synthetic hypolipidemic drugs are widely prescribed, their prolonged administration is often associated with undesirable effects, encouraging the exploration of plant-based therapeutic strategies. The present study focused on the phytochemical standardization of the aqueous extract of a polyherbal formulation through quantitative estimation of selected bioactive markers using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The formulation was prepared using Nigella sativa, Terminalia arjuna, Withania somnifera, and Linum usitatissimum, medicinal plants traditionally employed for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The aqueous extract was subjected to HPTLC analysis for the determination of thymoquinone, arjunolic acid, withaferin A, and linolenic acid using validated chromatographic conditions. Separation was achieved on silica gel plates with optimized solvent systems, and densitometric scanning was performed at compound-specific wavelengths. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of thymoquinone (85.2 µg/g), arjunolic acid (12.9 µg/g), withaferin A (1.2 µg/g), and linolenic acid (0.1 µg/g) in the aqueous extract. The analytical method demonstrated satisfactory linearity, precision, and specificity, confirming its suitability for phytochemical profiling of complex herbal matrices. Peak purity and spectral overlay further ensured the authenticity of the identified constituents. The presence of these bioactive compounds supports the therapeutic relevance of the formulation and highlights its potential role in lipid regulation and cardiovascular protection. The findings establish a reliable quality control framework and provide a foundation for further experimental and clinical studies on the antihyperlipidemic efficacy of the herbal formulation.

Effect of Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios Using Millet as a Carbon Source on Growth Performance, Water Quality, and Microbial Dynamics in a Biofloc System for Catla catla

Vala Jaya — 2026-01-31

A 30-day experiment was conducted to optimize the Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C:N) ratio using millet as a carbon source for the rearing of Catla catla fry. The study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments in triplicate: C:N 10:1 (T1), C:N 15:1 (T2), and C:N 20:1 (T3). Catla catla fry (initial weight 0.88 ± 0.03 g) were stocked at a density of 1.5 g/L (approx. 500 fish/tank) in 300 L tanks. Water quality, microbial floc volume, and growth parameters were monitored weekly. Results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in growth performance among treatments. Fish reared in T3 (C:N 20:1) achieved the highest final body weight (2.68 ± 0.10 g) and survival rate (85%), compared to T1 (1.69 ± 0.04 g; 66%). Water quality parameters in T3 were maintained within optimal ranges, with significantly lower Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) (0.52 ± 0.09 ppm) compared to T1 (0.62 ± 0.14 ppm). Floc volume was highest in T3 (20.9 ± 1.23 mL/L), indicating robust microbial proliferation. These findings suggest that a C:N ratio of 20:1 using millet flour significantly enhances growth performance and water quality for Catla catla fry in biofloc systems.

Phytochemical Screening and in-silico Drug-Likeness Study of Passiflora edulis Seed Extracts

Aishwarya Patil — 2026-02-02

Passiflora edulis is a fruiting vine plant from family passifloraceae. This fruit is known for its unique taste and aromatic juice. Generally, the seeds of this fruit are ignored, but they are known to be rich in fibre and oil content. However, limited literature is available on the scientific studies of the bioactive compounds present in these seeds. Hence, this study has showed the presence of several phytochemicals in the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts obtained from these seeds. Thin layer chromatography of these extracts was also performed using two solvent systems and spots were identified. The UV- Vis scanning of extracts produced peaks at specific wavelengths indicating the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Further, due to the presence of several peaks in the methanolic extract during the preliminary analysis, the same extract was used in the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy. This analysis revealed the presence of six major bioactive compounds. These compounds were subjected to SwissADME software tool and critical parameters were selected for analysis. Upon analysing the results obtained for their critical parameters, three compounds like butanedioic acid- 2 cyano-2,3-dimethyl-diethyl ester, acetaldehyde-hydroxyl and trimethylene oxide were identified to possess drug likeliness properties. These compounds are also known for their sedative, antibiotic, antiviral and anticancerous properties. Hence these compounds can be considered as potential lead molecules in drug development process.

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Soil Fertility by Leptadenia hastata from the Recovered Satara Site in the Commune of Simiri

Halimatou Boubacar — 2026-02-02

Soil resources are rapidly degrading in Sahel under climatic hazards and demographic pressure. Appropriate cropping strategies could mitigate and reverse the accelerated trend of soil degradation. The use of species able to rapidly associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can restore the balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have the capacity to promote plant development in degraded environments by allowing the restoration and maintenance of soil fertility. The objective of the present study was to determine the mycorrhizal status of Leptadenia hastate and to show the importance of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in the restoration of the fertility of the degraded soils of Satara site in Simiri. Physicochemical parameters and mycorrhizal potential were determined. Ten soil and root samples were taken from a depth of 20 cm under the feet of Leptadenia hastata and another ten soil samples were taken from outside the feet in the non-forested (denuded) part. The results show that the soils in this area are characterised by a sandy-loamy texture and an acidic pH. However, organic matter, total phosphorus, assimilable phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and C/N ratio were higher in the Leptadenia soil compared to denuded soil, The spore density per 100g soil in Leptadenia soils (905 spores/100g of soil) is very high compared to that of bare soil (403 spores/100g of soil). Spores of Two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi genera were found at the site: Glomus and Gigaspora with a predominance of the glomus genus. Under Leptadenia hastata, the genus Glomus is estimated at (72.07%) and Gigaspora at (27.93%). The mycorrhization frequency (F%) reached 100 in all roots of Leptadenia hastata. The mycorrhization intensity (M %) was 50.20 for all roots. Furthermore, the arbuscule content assessed by parameters (a) and (A) varies among roots. The highest value of (A %) recorded is 29.9% and the lowest value is 5.42%. As for (a %), the highest value is estimated at 62.97% and the lowest at 12.02%.

Evaluation of Morphological and Physiological Traits in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Associated with Resistance to the Mirid Bug (Nesidiocoris tenuis)

Ritu Pandey — 2026-02-02

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) production is increasingly affected by the mirid bug (Nesidiocoris tenuis), emphasizing the need to identify traits associated with host plant resistance. An initial screening of 58 sesame genotypes under natural field infestation identified 15 representative genotypes for more detailed analysis. These 15 genotypes included 4 resistant, 5 moderately resistant, 4 susceptible, and 2 highly susceptible, selected proportionally based on the mean Nesidiocoris tenuis population per plant across all 58 genotypes tested, grouped into four resistance categories. Mirid bug populations were tracked at different crop growth stages by counting insects on randomly chosen plants within each replication. Morphological traits, including plant height, number of capsules per plant, and leaf thickness, were recorded at maturity. Physiological traits, including relative water content (RWC) and water saturation deficit (WSD), were measured at crop maturity, and chlorophyll content was measured at 30, 45, and 60 DAS to examine their association with mirid bug infestation. All traits showed significant genetic variation. The mirid bug population had strong negative correlations with plant height (r = −0.868), capsule number per plant (r = −0.922), and leaf thickness (r = −0.847), and a significant positive correlation with RWC (r = 0.848). WSD had a strong negative association (r = −0.861). Chlorophyll content was moderately related to mirid bug presence at 45 DAS but showed weak correlations at other stages. These results indicate that differences in morphological and water-related physiological traits, particularly RWC and WSD, affect the level of host resistance to mirid bug infestation. These traits could be valuable criteria for selecting and breeding pest-resistant sesame varieties.

Prevalence and Morphological Identification of Ticks Infesting Dogs in Central India

Akanksha Singh — 2026-02-02

Tick infestation is a common ectoparasitic problem in dogs and is associated with dermatological lesions and transmission of tick-borne diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tick infestation in dogs and to identify tick species based on morphological characteristics. The study was carried out at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), during July to December 2025. A total of 2,548 dogs of different age groups, sex and breeds were screened irrespective of clinical complaint. Out of these, 208 dogs were confirmed positive for tick infestation, recording an overall prevalence of 8.16%. Month-wise prevalence was highest during the monsoon months, with maximum infestation recorded in July (10.52%), followed by August (9.95%) and September (8.87%), and lowest in December (2.22%), indicating a significant seasonal influence. Age-wise distribution revealed higher infestation in dogs aged 1–3 years (33.65%), followed by 3–6 years (26.44%). Male dogs (55.76%) showed higher infestation compared to females (44.23%). Breed-wise prevalence was highest in non-descript dogs (37.01%), followed by Labrador Retrievers (29.81%). Outdoor housing was identified as a major predisposing factor. Morphological examination of all collected tick specimens confirmed Rhipicephalus sanguineus as the sole tick species infesting dogs in the study area. The findings highlight the dominance of R. sanguineus and emphasize the usefulness of morphological identification in epidemiological studies of canine tick infestation.

Nematicidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis and Trichoderma harzianum against Meloidogyne incognita under in Vitro Conditions

Shamael Sahab Muter — 2026-02-03

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a significant constraint to global vegetable production, causing severe yield losses due to their widespread distribution and extensive host ranges. The main aims of this study are to evaluate the nematicidal impact of three indigenous Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates to control root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, under laboratory. Morphological, microscopic, and biochemical analyses confirmed the identity of the biocontrol agents and the target nematode species. All Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were identified as Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria producing oval endospores, and their biochemical profiles obtained using the VITEK-2 Compact system showed a 98% probability of identification as B. thuringiensis. The Trichoderma harzianum isolates exhibited typical morphological characteristics, including branched conidiophores, flask-shaped phialides, abundant conidia, and the presence of chlamydospores. The perineal pattern analysis of adult females revealed morphological features characteristic of Meloidogyne incognita, including a high and square dorsal arch with wavy striations, confirming species identity. In vitro bioassays revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between microbial treatments and control groups in terms of egg-hatching inhibition and second-stage juvenile (J2) mortality. All B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum isolates exhibited strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita. The B. thuringiensis isolate Sh.Sa.3 showed the highest ovicidal effect, with egg-hatching inhibition percentages of 95.33%, 91.67%, and 88.67% after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, and corrected inhibition values exceeding 87%. Similarly, the T. harzianum isolate Sh.Sa.6 demonstrated substantial egg-hatching inhibition, with corrected inhibition percentages above 81% across all exposure periods. Moreover, the highest J2 mortality rates were recorded for B. thuringiensis isolate Sh.Sa.3, reaching 86.67% after 72 h, followed by T. harzianum isolate Sh.Sa.6, which induced 76.00% mortality at the same exposure time. In contrast, the control treatments exhibited minimal effects on egg hatching and juvenile mortality.

Effect of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and Mosambi (Citrus limetta) Peel Powder Fortification on Cooking and Hydration Properties of Noodles

D. Sravanthi — 2026-02-03

This study examined the use of pomegranate and mosambi peel powders as functional ingredients in noodle preparation with the aim of improving cooking performance while encouraging sustainable utilization of fruit processing by-products. Fruit peels are often treated as waste, yet they are naturally rich in dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. Incorporation of these peel powders resulted in noticeable changes in noodle behavior during cooking. Fortified noodles required less cooking time (5.23-5.84 min) compared to the control (6.09 min) and showed reduced gruel solid loss (1.10-1.14%), indicating better structural stability. Swelling capacity and water absorption were also enhanced, with pomegranate peel noodles showing the highest water absorption (106.67%) and rehydration percentage (173.22%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the differences among treatments were significant (p≤0.01). The findings suggest that fruit peel powders can be effectively used to improve cooking quality of noodles while contributing to sustainable food processing practices.

Occurrence, Clinical Findings and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Hepatitis in Dogs in the Jabalpur Region, India

Jatin Gupta — 2026-02-03

The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of hepatitis in dogs and to evaluate the associated clinical findings and ultrasonographic changes in affected animals presented to a Veterinary Clinical Complex. Over a period of six months, 260 dogs suspected of hepatic disorders were screened based on history and clinical examination. Dogs diagnosed with hepatitis were further evaluated for age, breed and sex-wise occurrence, along with assessment of clinical abnormalities, pre-treatment history and abdominal palpation findings. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver was performed in dogs diagnosed with acute hepatitis to evaluate changes in liver size, margins and parenchymal echogenicity. The data generated were analysed to identify occurrence patterns and clinico-diagnostic trends. Out of the 260 suspected cases, 63 dogs were diagnosed with hepatitis, indicating an overall occurrence of 24.23%, while on the basis of history, clinical signs, abdominal pain on palpation and duration of illness, acute hepatitis accounted for 13.07% of cases. A higher occurrence was observed in dogs below four years of age, with no marked variation among breeds or sexes. Common clinical signs included vomiting, weakness, anorexia and jaundice. Ultrasonographic examination of dogs with acute hepatitis revealed hepatomegaly, irregular liver margins, altered echogenicity and presence of ascites in several cases. The study concludes that hepatitis is a common hepatic disorder in dogs and that ultrasonography, in conjunction with clinical evaluation, is a useful diagnostic aid for early detection and effective clinical management. All procedures were conducted following institutional ethical guidelines and informed consent was obtained from all dog owners.

Occurrence, Risk Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Renal Disorders in Dogs in the Jabalpur Region, India

Deepak Moun — 2026-02-04

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the occurrence of renal disorders in dogs presented to a veterinary clinical setup and to evaluate the associated demographic factors, pre-treatment history and clinical abnormalities. The study was conducted over a period of six months at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, where dogs suspected of renal involvement were screened based on history and clinical signs. A total of 177 dogs were subjected to detailed clinical examination, systematic history recording and relevant diagnostic investigations. Dogs confirmed with renal disorders were further evaluated for age, breed and sex distribution, deworming and vaccination status, type of diet, duration of illness and associated clinical manifestations. The data obtained were analysed to determine occurrence patterns and clinical trends. Out of the 177 suspected cases, 39 dogs were confirmed to be affected with renal disorders, indicating an overall occurrence of 22.03 per cent. Higher occurrence was recorded in middle-aged dogs (4–8 years), males and Labrador Retrievers. Most affected dogs had a history of mixed or commercial feeding and showed a duration of illness of less than one week. The common clinical abnormalities observed included inappetence, vomiting and varying urinary abnormalities such as oliguria or anuria, polyuria and polydipsia. The findings indicate that renal disorders represent a significant clinical problem in dogs, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention.

Valorization of Snapper Filleted Frame Waste: Process Optimization and Characterization of a Protein-Enriched Biopolymer Cracker Matrix

Jyothi Ganachari — 2026-02-04

Background: Fish crackers are traditional starch-based snack foods widely consumed in Southeast Asia and are increasingly recognized as convenient protein-enriched products. Surimi technology has been widely recognized as an effective method for converting mechanically recovered fish meat into functional protein suitable for value-added products.

Aims: The present study develops surimi-based fish crackers from snapper filleted frame meat and to evaluate their physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological, sensory, and storage stability characteristics to assess the feasibility of value addition and sustainable utilisation of fish processing waste.

Study Design: An experimental laboratory study involving recovery of snapper frame meat, optimisation of surimi through water-washing, development of surimi-based fish crackers, and evaluation of physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological, sensory, and storage stability under ambient and refrigerated conditions.

Place and Duration of Study: The experimental work was carried out during the period July 2019 to March 2020 at the Department of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Mangaluru, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, India. The laboratory is located in the coastal region of Karnataka at approximately 12.87° N latitude and 74.88° E longitude.

Methodology: Snapper filleted frame meat recovered by mechanical mincing was evaluated for quality and processed into surimi using standardised chilled water-washing cycles. Fish crackers were developed by blending surimi with tapioca flour, millet flour, and soya chunk powder in different ratios, followed by cooking, drying, and frying. The optimal formulation was selected through sensory evaluation. Dried and fried crackers were analysed for nutritional, biochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality, and storage stability was assessed under ambient and refrigerated conditions.

Results: Snapper filleted frames yielded substantial recoverable meat (n = 10), with a mean total length and weight of 660.9 ± 28.4 mm and 2550 ± 506 g, respectively, and an average fillet yield of 1369 ± 264 g. Progressive water-washing significantly increased moisture while reducing lipid content, TVB-N, TMA-N, free fatty acids, TBARS, and microbial load (p < 0.05), improving surimi quality. Among four formulations evaluated by 25 panellists, crackers containing surimi (50%), tapioca flour (25%), millet flour (25%), and soya chunk powder (5%) showed the highest overall acceptability (8.61 ± 0.04; p < 0.01). Dried crackers had higher protein (20.41 ± 0.58%) and lower lipid content (0.95 ± 0.02%) than fried crackers (p < 0.001). Initial microbial counts were low (≤1.84 × 10² cfu/g), with no mould or yeast detected. During 60-day storage, biochemical spoilage indices and microbial counts increased significantly (p < 0.05), with slower deterioration and better sensory retention under refrigerated conditions.

Conclusion: The study confirms the feasibility of converting snapper filleted frame waste into nutritionally acceptable, microbiologically safe, and sensory-appealing surimi-based fish crackers, with improved functional quality through controlled washing and superior storage stability under refrigerated conditions, supporting sustainable fish processing and value addition.

Morpho-biochemical Characterization of Yield, Maturity and Nutritional Quality in White Maize Inbred Lines under Temperate Conditions

A. Rashid — 2026-02-04

White maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal for human consumption in temperate regions, yet its genetic improvement remains limited due to inadequate evaluation of adapted germplasm and insufficient integration of agronomic and nutritional traits. The present study aimed to assess the extent of agro-morphological variability, yield potential, and nutritional quality among 100 white maize inbred lines, along with three locally adapted checks, under temperate agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir. Field evaluation was conducted during two consecutive kharif seasons (2022 and 2023) using an Augmented Block Design. Thirteen agro-morphological and yield-related traits were recorded to quantify phenotypic diversity and genotypic performance. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among inbred lines for flowering, maturity, plant height, ear characteristics, kernel traits, and grain yield across both years, indicating a broad and stable genetic base. Several inbred lines consistently outperformed the checks for yield and maturity traits, demonstrating their suitability for temperate environments with short growing seasons. The consistency of trait expression across years further confirmed the reliability of the evaluated germplasm for selection and breeding. Biochemical profiling of selected inbred lines showed substantial variation in glycemic index (GI), protein content, and resistant starch (RS). Notably, inbred lines G37, G41, G72, and G63 exhibited low GI, high protein content, and elevated RS, identifying them as nutritionally superior and suitable for health-oriented maize improvement. An inverse association between GI and RS/protein content highlighted the scope for simultaneous improvement of yield and nutritional quality. Overall, the study identified genetically diverse, agronomically superior, and nutritionally enriched white maize inbred lines that can serve as valuable parental resources for developing early-maturing, high-yielding, and nutritionally enhanced hybrids adapted to temperate agro-climatic conditions.

Assessment of Rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.) Genotypes for Resistance to Sclerotinia Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Vaithiyalingam Gopinath — 2026-02-05

Oilseed Brassicas are highly susceptible to Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, a globally destructive pathogen responsible for severe yield and quality losses. The present study aimed to evaluate rapeseed-mustard genotypes for resistance under artificial epiphytotic conditions using epidemiological disease parameters. Field experiments were conducted during two consecutive Rabi seasons (2022-23 and 2023-24) at the TCA Dholi Research Farm, Bihar, to screen eighteen genotypes obtained from AICRP on Rapeseed-Mustard against Sclerotinia rot. Artificial inoculation (Cotton swab) was performed at flowering using a virulent isolate of S. sclerotiorum, and disease development was assessed using Percent Disease Index (PDI), Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), and apparent infection rate (r-value). Pooled analysis revealed that there was considerable variability among genotypes; none exhibited resistant or moderately resistant reactions. Twelve genotypes were categorized as moderately susceptible with comparatively lower disease progression, while five genotypes were susceptible and one genotype (NPC 16) was highly susceptible. Moderately susceptible genotypes such as DRMRIS 20-5, DRMRDR 2156, DRMRDR 2119, and DRMRIS 20-1 recorded lower pooled PDI (25-33%), reduced AUDPC values (330-489), and moderate r-values, indicating slower lesion expansion and partial resistance. In contrast, susceptible genotypes including NRCHB 101 and Rohini exhibited high PDI (̴ 55%), elevated AUDPC (>800), and rapid disease progression. The r-value ranged from 0.02 to 0.18, reflecting seasonal variation in epidemic development.

Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Sahelian Goat Populations in Mali Using Microsatellite Markers

Oumar Ouattara — 2026-02-06

The Genetic characterization of indigenous breeds of small ruminants in Mali, particularly goats, was limited 18 years ago, and this situation persists due to a lack of economic, technical, and human resources. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the genetic diversity of Sahelian goats in smallholder farming communities in Mali. In total, 80 samples, divided into five sub-populations from the localities of Kayes, Baraoueli, Ségou, Bla, and San, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 18 microsatellite markers. Twelve (12) markers proved to be polymorphic, with a polymorphism rate of 66.66%. The markers ILSTS87, INRA132, ILSTS005, SRCRSP5, SRCRSP7, and BM6506 were found to be monomorphic (constant) in all animals in this study. A total of 32 genotypes were identified. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.07 to 0.49 for the MAF209 and MAF65 markers, respectively. MAF65 had the highest PIC and genetic diversity. For the goat population as a whole, the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.311±0.02 with an observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.518±0.04. The San and Ségou subpopulations had the lowest polymorphism rate (61.11%). Principal coordinate analysis of genetic data showed that animals from the same locality have more genetic similarities with each other than with animals from other localities. The present results will guide decision-makers in choosing future management approaches to improve the productivity and profitability of Sahelian goats in order to encourage farmers to preserve this breed.

Effect of Different Seed Priming on Seed Quality and Storability of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Manojkumar D S — 2026-02-06

Seed quality and storability are critical constraints affecting sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) productivity under tropical storage conditions. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different seed priming treatments on seed quality parameters and storability of sesame variety TMV 3. Freshly harvested seeds were subjected to seven priming treatments including hydropriming, biopriming with Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis, hormonal priming with indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid and botanical priming with neem and pungam leaf powders, along with an unprimed control. The experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. After priming, seeds were dried to 8% moisture content and stored in plastic containers and kada cloth under ambient conditions. Seed quality parameters including germination percentage, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index I, vigour index II, protein content and electrical conductivity were assessed at bimonthly intervals up to ten months of storage. Results revealed a progressive decline in seed quality with increasing storage period. However, seeds primed with Trichoderma viride consistently recorded significantly higher germination, seedling growth, dry matter accumulation, vigour index I, vigour index II, protein content and lower electrical conductivity compared to other treatments and control. Plastic containers proved superior to kada cloth in maintaining seed quality during storage. The study concludes that biopriming with Trichoderma viride coupled with appropriate storage containers, is an effective and eco-friendly strategy for enhancing seed quality and storability of sesame.

Comparative Efficacy of Foliar Nano and Conventional Urea on Productivity and Profitability of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

Thimmaiah, H. P. — 2026-02-06

Nano urea, a recently developed nano-fertilizer, has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional urea due to its higher surface area, controlled nutrient release and improved absorption efficiency leading to higher productivity and profitability of pigeonpea. A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2023 at the ZARS, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with eleven treatments comprising different levels of RDN combined with foliar application of nano urea (4, 6, 8 and 10 ml L⁻¹) and normal urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stages, along with RDF. Results revealed that application of 100 per cent RDN along with foliar spraying of nano urea at 4 ml L^-1 at flowering and pod development stages recorded the higher number of pods per plant (81.1), pod length (8.50 cm), pod weight (84.3 g plant^-1), seed weight (60.6 g plant^-1), seed yield (1045 kg ha^-1) and stalk yield (4102 kg ha^-1), which was statistically comparable with foliar application of normal urea (2%) along with RDF. Economic analysis indicated that the higher gross returns (₹ 80,426 ha^-1) and net returns (₹ 40,824 ha^-1) were obtained with 100 per cent RDN with foliar application of nano urea at 4 ml L^-1, while the maximum B:C ratio (2.05) was recorded with RDF + foliar application of normal urea (2%). The study concludes that foliar application of nano urea at 4 ml L^-1 along with RDN is an effective and sustainable nutrient management strategy for enhancing productivity and profitability of pigeonpea.

Occurrence of Dermatological Disorders in Cats: A Six-month Study from Central India

Vaibhav D. Patil — 2026-02-06

Background: Dermatological disorders are among the most frequently encountered clinical conditions in domestic cats and significantly affect animal welfare. Region-specific epidemiological data from central India remain limited.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and associated risk factors of dermatological disorders in domestic cats.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in cats presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex and private clinics in and around Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 307 cats were screened, and dermatological disorders were diagnosed using clinical examination, deep skin scraping, flea comb test, Wood’s lamp examination, and tape impression smear. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test.

Results: Out of 307 cats examined, 67 were affected, resulting in an overall occurrence of 21.82%. The occurrence was significantly higher in cats below 12 months of age (P < 0.05) and in Persian cats compared to domestic short-haired cats (P < 0.05). Gender-wise differences were not statistically significant. Alopecia (71.64%) and otitis externa (49.25%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Ectoparasitic infestations constituted the predominant dermatological disorder (52.23%), followed by fungal (20.89%) and bacterial infections (16.41%).

Conclusion: Dermatological disorders are common in domestic cats, with age and breed acting as significant risk factors. Early diagnosis and effective parasite control strategies are essential for improving feline dermatological health.

Effects of Graded Levels of Dried Mango Pulp on Reproductive Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) Reared in Côte d’Ivoire

Kouassi Samuel N'ZUE — 2026-02-06

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate effect of incorporating dried mango pulp at different levels into diet on reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) reared in Côte d'Ivoire, to identify an optimal inclusion rate for this local resource.

Study Design: A completely randomized experimental design was used.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Nangui ABROGOUA University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, between March and September 2025.

Methodology: Six hundred day-old Japanese quail chicks (mean initial weight 8.34 ± 0.14 g) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (150 chicks each) with three replicates of 50 chicks: T0% (control, commercial feed only), T5%, T10%, and T15% (commercial feed supplemented with dried mango pulp at 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). Kent variety mangoes were sun-dried and then oven-dried (80°C for 48h) before being ground and incorporated. Laying rate, egg characteristics (weight, length, diameter, shell, albumen, and yolk weights), fertility rate, hatchability, embryonic mortality, and overall quail mortality were measured over ten weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality rates were compared using the Chi-square test.

Results: Highest laying rate was recorded for the T5% group (96.95 ± 2.02%), significantly higher (P < 0.05) than T15% group (80.71 ± 2.77%). No significant differences (P>0.05) were found among treatments for egg physical characteristics (weight, dimensions, component weights). The T5% group showed best numerical values for fertility (99%) and hatchability (98%), although not statistically different from other groups (P>0.05). Embryonic mortality differed significantly (P<0.05), with lowest rate in T5% (1%) and highest in T15% (18%). Overall quail mortality was not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The incorporation of dried mango pulp at 5% improves key reproductive parameters in Japanese quail, offering a viable strategy for valorizing local agro-residues. Higher inclusion rates (10-15%) lead to antinutritional effects, reducing performance.

Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Potential Tool for Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Maize

Dudekula. Hamida — 2026-02-06

Aims: To evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of maize-derived fungal endophytes on Spodoptera frugiperda and assess their potential as sustainable biological control agents based on larval survival, feeding performance, growth, and developmental parameters.

Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study conducted in a completely randomized design.

Place and Duration of Study: Maize Research Center, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, during 2024-2025 under controlled laboratory conditions.

Methodology: Fungal endophytes were isolated from maize stem samples collected across Telangana using a modified surface sterilization protocol. Bioefficacy was evaluated through leaf bioassays using second-instar larvae of S. frugiperda. Each treatment consisted of three replications with 10 larvae per replication (n = 30). Parameters recorded included larval mortality, relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), feeding deterrence index (FDI), larval and pupal developmental periods, pupation, and adult emergence. Biochemical characterization of isolates was carried out for plant growth-promoting traits. Molecular identification of the most effective isolate was performed using ITS rDNA sequencing.

Results: Marked differences were observed among fungal isolates. ESF-8 recorded the highest larval mortality (61.40 ± 0.57%), lowest RGR (0.152 ± 0.001), lowest ECI (12.04 ± 0.51%), and highest feeding deterrence (38.94 ± 2.80%). It also prolonged larval (17.13 ± 1.18 days) and pupal periods (8.60 ± 0.49 days), and reduced pupation (55.56 ± 7.59%) and adult emergence (57.86 ± 3.24%). Biochemical analysis revealed high indole-3-acetic acid production (13.19 µg ml⁻¹) along with multiple growth-promoting traits. ITS sequencing identified ESF-8 as Talaromyces verruculosus (GenBank Accession No. PV876225).

Conclusion: Maize-associated fungal endophytes, particularly T. verruculosus, demonstrated strong potential for incorporation into sustainable fall armyworm management programs, warranting further validation under field conditions.

Influence of Age and Sex on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Clinically Ill Dogs

Chetna Mahajan — 2026-02-07

The study was carried out from January to March 2024 to assess how age and sex influence fasting blood glucose concentrations in clinically ill dogs (Canis familiaris). A total of 84 clinically ill dogs of different breeds presented to the Outpatient Ward of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Rampura Phul, Punjab, India, were included in the study. The dogs were divided into three age groups: puppies under one year of age, adults between one and five years, and geriatric dogs older than five years, and were further classified according to sex. Blood samples were obtained following a 12-hour fasting period to minimize the effect of recent food intake. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using a dry chemistry analyser (Fujifilm NX 600 V, Veterinary Model). Statistical evaluation showed a significant variation in fasting blood glucose levels among the different age groups (p = 0.00015). The highest mean glucose values were observed in puppies (105.29 ± 16.51 mg/dL), followed by geriatric dogs (98.29 ± 16.14 mg/dL), whereas adult dogs exhibited the lowest concentrations (85.86 ± 17.18 mg/dL). A statistically significant difference was also found between sexes (p = 0.0396), with higher mean fasting glucose levels recorded in female dogs (100.20 ± 18.13 mg/dL) than in male dogs (91.97 ± 17.70 mg/dL). These results demonstrate that both age and sex have a significant effect on fasting blood glucose levels in clinically ill dogs and should be taken into account during clinical assessment and interpretation of biochemical findings in veterinary practice.

Selection of Superior Traits and Diverse Parents in Maize (Zea mays L.) Based on Multivariate Analysis

Ayodhya Prasad Pandey — 2026-02-07

An experiment comprising 40 maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, AKS University, Satna (M.P.) India. Highly significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences among genotypes were observed for all the traits studied. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.40-32.34% and 2.89-32.68%, respectively, with relatively higher estimates for seed yield per plant, tassel length and seed index, indicating substantial genetic dispersion for these traits. Broad-sense heritability was high to very high for most characters (65.00–99.20%), and genetic advance as percent of mean ranged from 4.12 to 65.91%. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant was positively and highly significantly associated with cob length, cob diameter, cob weight, number of seeds per cob, number of cobs per plant and days to maturity, whereas days to 50% silking was negatively associated with yield, indicating the importance of sink traits and flowering synchrony in yield expression. Path analysis showed high explanatory power at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (R² = 0.9102 and 0.9018), with days to maturity, cob length/cob diameter and number of seeds per cob exhibiting positive direct effects on yield, confirming these as robust indirect selection criteria. Mahalanobis D²analysis grouped genotypes into six clusters with maximum divergence between Cluster IV and Cluster VI, indicating scope for exploiting heterosis by selecting parents from highly divergent clusters.

Impact of Azadirachta indica Leaves on Coccidia and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens Reared at the Ecology Research Center, Côte d'Ivoire

Zouh Bi Zahouli Faustin — 2026-02-07

In Côte d’Ivoire, poultry farming is an essential part of animal production system. However, this sector faces health issues that hinder its development. This study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaf powder against coccidia and its impact on the growth performance of broiler chickens. To this end, an experimental trial involving 248 Cobb 500 chicks was conducted from 1 June to 6 July 2023 at the experimental farm of the Abidjan Ecology Research Center. These animals were divided into eight groups of 31 subjects at 14 days of age. Group R0 received no treatment. Group R1 received a commercial anticoccidial. Groups R2 to R7 received neem leaf powder at doses of 1% or 2%, incorporated into the feed (R2, R6), drinking water (R3, R5), or both (R4, R7). Parasite load (OPG) was assessed by weekly coproscopy (Mac Master method). Growth parameters (feed and water intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, mortality) were monitored until day 49. Data were analyzed using Tukey's HSD test and the Chi² test. The mean parasite load of R0 (235.5±205 OPG) was significantly higher than that of all other groups (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the load of R1 (40±29.5 OPG) and that of the neem-treated groups (values ranging from 29.25±15.7 to 41±38.5 OPG) (P > 0.05). None of the growth parameters (average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield) nor water or feed intake differed significantly between neem-treated groups and control groups (R0 and R1) (P > 0.05). The highest mortality rate was recorded in group R0 (13.33%). Neem leaf powder, at doses up to 2%, has comparable efficacy to a chemical anticoccidial for controlling coccidia in broiler chickens, with no deleterious effect on their growth performance. It constitutes a promising phytotherapeutic alternative.

Herbicidal Potential of Organic Acids for the Management of Garden Land Weeds

Ansumol Aji — 2026-02-09

There is an increasing importance to eco-friendly alternatives in weed management in the current context of the shift towards sustainable forms of agriculture like organic and natural farming. The unscrupulous use of chemicals in agricultural practices has led to many adverse effects on ecology or the environment as well as the quality of food grown. Under this context, studies were conducted to evaluate herbicidal potential of organic acids as eco-friendly alternatives for weed management- acetic, lactic, and formic acids at four doses 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% were used. A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, using a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The acids were sprayed on three and six-week-old weeds, and the effect of these acids on weed, soil quality, and residual effect on cowpea seedlings was assessed. In three-week-old weeds, acetic and formic acid spray at 5%, 10%, and 20% achieved complete control without regrowth. Lactic acid at 10% and 20% also gave complete control. However, in six-weeks-old weeds, complete control of dicot weeds was achieved at 10% and 20% of formic and acetic acid and 20% of lactic acid. Monocots were comparatively more resilient; complete damage was possible only with 20% of acetic and formic acid, while lactic acid failed to provide complete control even at this concentration. Soil microbial population increased significantly upon spraying of organic acids. Cowpea raised immediately following organic acid spray showed no effect on germination and initial growth.

Genotyping and Identification of Candidate Genes for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) in Traditional Rice Varieties

Gopu Sushma — 2026-02-09

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds more than half of the global population, but its production is severely threatened by the rice specific pest brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål). Developing resistant rice varieties is the most cost effective control strategy, making the identification of resistance genes and mechanisms a key focus in breeding programs. In this study, analysis of 25 SSR markers associated with BPH resistance genes and QTLs identified PTB 60 (Vaisakh) as having the highest number of resistance genes/QTLs (bph4, BPH7, Bph27, Bph31, Bph32 and qBph4.3). All other genotypes carried at least one resistance gene or QTL. The highly resistant MO 22 (Sreyas) possessed the major resistance gene Bph32 and QTL qBph4.3. The identification of traditional cultivars with multiple resistance genes and QTLs offers valuable genetic resources for breeding BPH resistant rice varieties. The resistant accessions identified in this study can serve as donor parents in rice breeding programs aimed at improving BPH resistance.

Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide Supplementation on Blood Parameters of Crossbred Calves

Ajay Barman — 2026-02-10

The goal of the current study was to assess how reinforcing crossbred calves with inorganic and nano forms of zinc affected their growth and overall health. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used to divide 24 crossbred (Jersey × Holstein Friesian) of 6-9 months age into three (3) homogeneous groups based on their sex and live body weight. Animals were divided into three groups containing 8 number of animals in each group- T₁, T₂ and T₃. The T₁, T₂, and T₃ groups, which received supplements containing inorganic ZnO @ 40mg/kg DM, Nano ZnO@ 10mg/kg DM and Nano ZnO @ 20mg/kg DM, respectively, in addition to the basic diet. Blood biochemical parameters i.e. serum cholesterol, total triglycerides, serum creatinine, serum GGT, serum albumin/globulin ration and super oxide dismutase were estimated at the 0 day (initial), 42nd day (mid) and 84th day (end) of the feeding trial. Statistically no significant difference was observed among the groups in respect of the total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, Serum creatinine, Serum gamma glutamyl transference, and albumin: globulin values. Significant difference was observed among the groups in 42nd and 84th days of experiment regarding SOD level.

Optimising Growth and Yield in Black Gram: Impact of Plant Spacing and Foliar Nutrient Application

Inshita Gupta — 2026-02-10

Proper spacing improves light interception, reduces competition for soil nutrients and moisture, and supports healthier canopy architecture. Foliar feeding provides rapid nutrient uptake during critical growth stages, enhancing photosynthetic activity, pod formation, and overall yield. Therefore, to realise higher yield potential in Black gram, field experiments were conducted at the Pulse Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, during summer 2022, in a randomised block design with 12 treatment combinations, replicated 4 times, using the black gram variety “GU-3 (Anjani)”. The two factors under investigation comprised of (Factor 1) spacing level: S1– 45 cm × 10 cm, S2 – 60cm × 10 cm and (Factor 2) foliar application of nutrients: N1 -1 % urea, N2 – 2 % urea, N3 -1 % LUP, N4 – 2 % LUP, N5- 1 % novel and N6 – 2 % novel. Plant height at 60 DAS (40.25 cm) and harvest (50.90 cm), seed yield (963 kg ha⁻¹), straw yield (2197 kg ha⁻¹), and harvest index (30.41) were maximum with spacing of 45 × 10. In contrast, 60×10 cm spacing recorded more branches per plant⁻¹ (5.45 and 5.16 at 60 DAS and harvest) and higher pods per plant⁻¹ (29.36). Among foliar nutrient treatments, 2% novel spray (N6) reported the highest plant height at 60 DAS (43.35 cm) and harvest (54.35 cm), and maximum branches per plant⁻¹ (5.77 and 5.47), remaining statistically at par with N4 (2 % LUP) and N5 (1 % novel). The highest pods plant⁻¹ (32.02) and seeds pod⁻¹ were also obtained with 2% novel, comparable only to 2 % LUP (N4). The highest seed yield (1019 kg ha⁻¹) and straw yield (2349 kg ha⁻¹) were achieved with 2 % novel spray, again at par with N4 and N5.

Evaluation of Parental Lines and Hybrids through Combining Ability Studies in Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina L.)

Thilak B Anand — 2026-02-10

Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina) is an annual, day neutral climbing type herbaceous vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family with chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 22. Developing high yielding and well-adapted snake gourd cultivars is essential to meet the growing demands of a rising global population. This study was carried out using a line × tester mating design to assess the combining ability and genetic potential of diverse snake gourd lines for key morphological characteristics. The objective was to identify superior parental combinations and promising F₁ hybrids with high specific combining ability (SCA) for further breeding programmes. A set of seven diverse snake gourd lines were crossed with two well-adapted testers. The resulting F₁ hybrids, along with their parental lines, were evaluated for morphological traits, including growth parameters, flowering parameters, fruit parameters and biochemical parameters. Data analysis revealed significant differences among genotypes for all evaluated traits. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated and promising lines and hybrid combinations exhibiting high GCA and SCA for desirable traits were identified. The results of this study provide useful information on the genetic control of morphological traits in snake gourd and confirm that the line × tester analysis is an effective tool for identifying superior parental combinations for breeding programmes aimed at developing improved snake gourd cultivars with enhanced agronomic performance.

Morphological Characterization of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L. Var. arvense) Genotypes Based on DUS Descriptors

Ekansh Raghuwanshi — 2026-02-11

The main trust of this article was Morphological Characterization of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L. Var. arvense) Genotypes based on DUS descriptors. Field pea is an important rabi pulse crop requiring productivity enhancement to meet increasing demand. Morphological characterization is a cost-effective and reliable approach for assessing genetic diversity essential for varietal identification, germplasm evaluation, and crop improvement. The present study evaluated fifty-seven field pea genotypes, including two checks (Pant P 554 and JM 6), at the Seed Breeding Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur during rabi 2024–25 in a Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. Observations were recorded on twenty morphological and visual traits at plant and seed levels following DUS guidelines. Most traits exhibited considerable variability. Stem anthocyanin colouration, leaf axil colour, flower standard petal colour, seed testa mottling, seed parchment, and foliage waxy bloom showed dimorphic expression, while traits such as foliage colour, flower opening days, pod curvature, pod intensity of green colour, plant height, seed shape, seed surface, seed cotyledon colour, and 1000-seed weight displayed polymorphism. Stipule type was monomorphic across all genotypes. The substantial morphological diversity observed among the genotypes indicates their potential utility in varietal identification, germplasm characterization, and future field pea improvement programmes.

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Mineral Mixture Supplementation in Shrimp Farming

Preeti Maurya — 2026-02-11

The inclusion of mineral mixtures through supplementation is critical for improving growth, health, and productivity of shrimp within aquaculture systems. Also, highlights the significance of macro and micro-minerals as it pertains to shrimp physiology, specifically in the areas of exoskeleton development, osmoregulation, and immune response. We will also examine the potential effects of supplementation on growth performance, chomping behaviours, shell quality, and disease organisms. The authors review the different methods of supplementation, including dietary inclusion and water enrichment, and identify a series of challenges in bioavailability, over supplementation, and environmental considerations. The review closes with some recommendations for future research to increase the efficacy of mineral supplementation, and emphasizes the importance of administering mineral supplementation based on the specific conditions of the pond and species being supplemented. As the review highlights, sustainable production systems of shrimp must combine technology with sustainability principles.

The aim of this review is to explore the effectiveness of mineral mixture supplementation for shrimp farming, including shrimp growth and survival, physiological function, immune response and general health. Mineral supplementing provides critical minerals to shrimp for optimal growth, molting, osmoregulation and immune response. Management of both the diet and water supplied to shrimp farms through the use of mineral supplementing increases performance and ability to resist stress when the farm is managed as an intensive aquaculture production method. Therefore, providing shrimp with the optimal and balanced amount of dietary minerals through supplements or other forms is vital to sustainable production of shrimp through aquaculture methods.

Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Mungbean Genotypes (Vigna radiata) Using Multivariate Analysis for Crop Improvement

Soumya Patel — 2026-02-12

Aim: Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an essential short-duration, self-pollinated, annual herbaceous bean primarily planted for nutritional quality, adaptability and role in sustainable agriculture. However, low genetic variety within cultivated germplasm prevents progress toward yield improvement. Assessing genetic diversity between genotypes is thus essential for identifying diverse parents for successful breeding programs.

Study Design: The study used three replications in randomized complete block design (RCBD).

Place and Duration: The experiment was conducted during kharif, 2023, at the Breeder Seed Production Unit, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Methodology: In the present study, 35 mungbean genotypes were analysed for genetic diversity using Mahalanobis's D² statistics and principal component analysis (PCA). 13 key quantitative traits were recorded and genotypes were grouped into 14 clusters based on genetic distance using tocher’s procedure.

Results: Genotypes from clusters XII and XIV had the greatest inter-cluster distance, whereas Cluster V had the greatest intra-cluster distance. The traits with the highest percentage contribution to the overall variance were determined to be the number of pod clusters per plant (22.35%). PCA analysis found that, of the 13 principal components, four had eigenvalues of more than 1.30, accounting for 71.17% of total variance. The first principal component accounted for 31.36% of the variability and was mainly associated with yield-related traits. Using multivariate analysis, it was found that MH-2-15, IC 103821, and IC 373199 were genetically varied genotypes that were utilized to promote genetic recombination and to create a more resilient hybrid.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated considerable genetic diversity among the mungbean genotypes, highlighting the effectiveness of D² statistics and PCA in parental selection. The identified diverse and high-performing genotypes can be strategically utilized in hybridization programmes to enhance genetic recombination and improve yield potential in mungbean.

Novel Artificial Diet Formulations on Colony Strength of Apis mellifera during Floral Dearth in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

Khanika Pal — 2026-02-13

Several protein-rich dietary items, including defatted soy flour, parched gram, brewer's yeast, sucrose, skimmed milk powder, natural pollen and sugar, glucose, honey, Vitamin B, and Vitamin C, were combined to create eight diet formulations. These diets were administered to colonies of Apis mellifera at the Honey Bee Research and Training Centre in Pantnagar, during a time of dearth in the rainy season. The quantification of food consumption by bees was conducted at regular intervals of 5 days. The most favourable outcomes were achieved with a dietary composition consisting of Soya Bari flour, Pollen, Skimmed milk powder, Honey, and Dry yeast, with an average intake of 65.98 g per colony, sealed brood (3374.56 cm²per colony) and maximum bee population (15329 bees per colony) in dry form of diet while in patty form of the same composition maximum consumption of (34.06 gm per colony), sealed brood (3114.42 cm²per colony) and maximum bee population of(14278.92 bees per colony) was observed. The colonies consumed prepared diet in July and August, a period that lacked natural pollen. The study demonstrates a link between protein source quality and the physiological well-being of honey bees. These findings suggest that strategic nutritional supplementation is a critical variable in successful colony management and population expansion.

Liver Stress Biomarkers as Indicators of Water Pollution in Oreochromis mossumbicus-Tilapia Fish from Three Lakes around Bangalore: Preliminary Report

Sharada Devi JN — 2026-02-13

Toxic chemicals discharged into aquatic environments enter the food chain and induce multiple adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health. The use of biomarkers provides preliminary information which, once validated through laboratory studies can provide direct measures of actual effect of heavy metals on biota, especially fish thereby overcoming large areas of uncertainty implicit in normal risk assessments. Heavy metals accumulated in the tissues of aquatic organisms may catalyze reaction that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to oxidative stress in the exposed organisms. Therefore, antioxidant defense systems are increasingly studied as potential biochemical biomarkers for environmental monitoring systems. Oreochromis species are widely consumed and serve as important fishery resources. In the present study, bioaccumulation of metals in Oreochromis mossambicus collected from three lakes around Bangalore was assessed through analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation as early biological markers of environmental stress. The results suggest chloride values in the range of 161.14 mg/L to 201 mg/L and phosphates 2.23 mg/l to 165mg/l from across sampling sites. Elevated chlorine levels in Hebbal Lake appear to contribute to physiological stress, while high phosphate levels suggest reduced glucose oxidation in fish. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 15 mg/L to 40 mg/L, with higher values in Hebbal and Kanakapura lakes indicating organic and effluent pollution. Increased liver marker enzyme activity suggests toxic effects of metals and minerals on hepatic function. Overall, the findings highlight the detrimental impact of water pollutants on lake ecosystems and aquatic fauna. Liver enzyme biomarkers may serve as effective early indicators of toxicity and provide a practical model for lake pollution monitoring and fishery management.

Commercial Beekeepers Leveraging Apis mellifera (Linnaeus), for Income Generation in Himachal Pradesh, India

Tamana Rani — 2026-02-13

Background: Himachal Pradesh possesses a diverse range of temperate and sub-temperate flora, providing abundant nectar and pollen resources for honey bees throughout the year. The availability of rich bee floral resources such as horticultural crops, forest vegetation, and wild flowering plants creates favourable conditions for colony development and honey flow seasons.

Aims: To assess the economic feasibility and profitability of commercial beekeeping using Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) in Himachal Pradesh, and to compare stationary and migratory beekeeping systems.

Study Design: Survey-based descriptive study with economic feasibility analysis.

Place and Duration of Study: The survey was conducted in six districts of Himachal Pradesh (Kangra, Mandi, Hamirpur, Kullu, Una and Chamba) during 2023–2024.

Methodology: Data were collected from 10 commercial beekeepers per district through surveys and personal interviews. Factors such as honey production, associated by-products, market demand, costs of beekeeping setups and technical know-how were analysed to assess economic feasibility. Economic feasibility was evaluated using cost-return analysis and descriptive statistics. Comparative yield analysis was also performed between stationary and migratory beekeeping practices.

Results: The findings revealed that migratory beekeeping produced higher yields (45 kg/colony/year) and greater profitability compared to stationary setups (15kg/colony/year). Economic analysis showed clear economies of scale, with net annual profits ranging from ₹38,100 for 10 colonies to ₹57,80,000 for 500 colonies, and the average establishment cost per colony decreased with an increased apiary size. The benefit-cost (B: C) ratio further supported this trend, showing low economic viability at 10 colonies (0.38), but improved profitability at 50 colonies (1.15), with maximum economic efficiency observed at 100 colonies (1.41). Although 500 colonies generated the highest gross returns, the B: C ratio slightly declined to 1.33 due to increased labour, transportation, and management expenses. Despite promising profitability, beekeepers faced challenges such as losses due to pests and diseases, the absence of organised market channels, and limited income potential.

Conclusion: Commercial beekeeping in Himachal Pradesh is a highly profitable and economically viable enterprise, especially under migratory management and large-scale operations. However, improved pest management practices, technical training, and development of organised marketing and branding channels are essential to maximise income potential and sustainability.

Biology and Morphometric Characteristics of Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) on Maize for Two Successive Generations

Rohit. G. Patil — 2026-02-13

Maize commonly known as the "Queen of cereals," is the second most frequently grown crop in the world. It is grown in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. Spodoptera frugiperda is a big problem because of its infamous and polyphagous behavior. It is currently the main bug causing significant yield losses in maize. The biological and life history parameters of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, through successive generations on maize were studied during 2021-22 under laboratory conditions at the Agricultural Research Station, Mudhol, Karnataka. The females laid an average of 1237.50 and 1150 eggs in the first and second generations, respectively. Only a trivial difference was observed between successive generations. The incubation, larval, pupal, pre-ovipositional, ovipositional, and post-ovipositional periods ranged from 2-3,15-19, 12-15, 3-4, 3-4 and 4-5 days, respectively. The total life cycle duration of males and females was recorded as 36-46 and 39-49 days, respectively, in the first generation, and 42-46 and 41-50 days, respectively, in the second generation. The findings showed that during generation I, the average length and breadth of the first instar were 1.70 mm and 0.20 mm, respectively; 2.30 mm length and 0.30 mm breadth for the second instar; 6.70 mm and 0.70 mm for the third instar; 13.90 mm and 1.90 mm for the fourth instar; 19.30 mm and 2.90 mm for the fifth instar; and 27.02 mm and 3.90 mm for the sixth instar. There was no significant difference in larval length and breadth in generation-II, which ranged from 1.74 to 27.20 mm in length and 0.22 to 3.90 mm in breadth.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in and Around Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Harsha Sable — 2026-02-14

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a prevalent and economically significant disease in dairy cattle, causing hidden losses through reduced productivity and milk quality. Elevated somatic cell count (SCC) is a key indicator of SCM, which is influenced by factors like age, parity, and lactation stage, but region-specific data is limited in central India. A field-based epidemiological study was conducted to determine the incidence and major risk factors associated with SCM in dairy cattle maintained in and around Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Following baseline screening, only newly detected cases of SCM occurring during a six-month study period (July–December 2025) were included. A total of 204 lactating cattle from organized and unorganized dairy units were monitored using the Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Animals showing a positive MCMT reaction along with SCC values greater than 2.5 × 10⁵ cells/mL were considered SCM-positive. Animal-wise incidence of SCM during the study period was 26.96%, while quarter-wise incidence was 20.74%. Hind quarters were more frequently affected than fore quarters, with the right hind quarter showing the highest involvement. Incidence was significantly higher in cattle aged 5–8 years, in third and fourth parity animals, and during early lactation. The findings reveal a considerable hidden burden of SCM under field conditions and highlight the need for routine field-level screening and targeted mastitis control strategies focusing on high-risk groups in smallholder dairy systems.

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Reveal a Moderate Genetic Diversity among Fusarium Species Causing Common Bean Root Rot in Uganda

Samuel Erima — 2026-02-14

Aims: The present study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of Fusarium species causing common bean root rot in Uganda

Study Design: The study used isolates from a previous disease survey in Uganda

Place and Duration of Study: The isolates were collected from 6 different agro-ecological zones of Uganda. Isolation was conducted at the legumes pathology laboratory of the National Agricultural Research Organization at Namulonge, Kampala. The isolates were collected in 2019.

Methodology: DNA was extracted from 101 Fusarium species isolates using a modification of the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol. Seventeen inter-simple sequence repeat primers were used in the polymerase chain reaction. The bands were scored for presence and absence using 1 and 0, respectively. The genetic diversity and population structure were determined using parameters such as polymorphic information content, allele divergence frequency, Principal component analysis, and admixture analysis. Analysis of molecular variance was also conducted.

Results: The average polymorphic information content of the isolates was 84%. The average Wright's fixation index (Fst) and expected heterozygosity were 0.2. The result of the analysis of molecular variance revealed that 0.2% of the variation was between the agro-ecological zones, while 99.8% of the variation was within agro-ecological zones. Admixture analysis showed that the isolates have an admixed ancestry.

Conclusion: Since the isolates from the different agro-ecological zones were similar, released varieties may not face extreme variants when they are planted in agro-ecological zones where they were not screened.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating Cattle

Puneet Goyal — 2026-02-14

Mastitis is a multifactorial, economically detrimental inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, characterized by physical, chemical and bacteriological changes in milk along with pathological alterations in glandular tissue. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in lactating cattle and to evaluate the associated risk factors in affected animals maintained under organized and unorganized sectors. The study was conducted over a period of six months at the Livestock Farm, Adhartal, various Gaushala and private dairy farms, Jabalpur (M.P.) where lactating cattle were screened for mastitis using the Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT) and cattle positive for MCMT without clinical signs were further confirmed for subclinical mastitis (SCM) by Somatic cell count (SCC) estimation using somatic cell counter cum lactoscan (combo). A total of 209 lactating cattle were screened, of which 60 cattle were positive for subclinical mastitis, recorded a prevalence of 28.70%. A comparatively higher prevalence was observed among cattle maintained under the unorganized sector (36.36%). Multi-quarter involvement was commonly observed, with two-quarter involvement (10.52%) emerging as the predominant pattern. Crossbred cattle exhibited a higher prevalence (31.74%) compared to indigenous cattle (24.09%). Higher prevalence was observed in cattle age 7 years and above (29.83%) and during the early stage of lactation which was identified as a significant risk period (p<0.05). An increasing trend in prevalence was evident with advancing parity upto the 4^th lactation followed by a marginal decline thereafter. MCMT grading indicated that the majority of positive quarters exhibited 1+ reaction, reflecting the predominance of lower grade subclinical infections. The findings indicate that subclinical mastitis remains a prevalent condition in lactating cattle, particularly under unorganized management systems, underscoring the need for routine screening and highlighting the importance of early detection and timely management to minimize production losses and disease transmission.

Population Dynamics of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Rose and Its Management under Protected Condition in Kashmir

Suman Suman — 2026-02-14

Background: The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a destructive insect pest and vector of begomo viruses, which transmits virus diseases in several important crop plants leading to severe losses in yield and quality.

Aims: Whitefly population and weather data, including temperature (minimum and maximum), minimum relative humidity, and maximum relative humidity, were correlated. The effectiveness of several compounds against whiteflies on roses.

Study Design: RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) was the method used in the experiment. The polyhouse, which was separated into three equal-sized blocks (14.6 m × 1.52 m), was used to plant the rose variety "Top secret." Eleven subplots, each measuring 1.11 m by 1.52 m, were created from each block. Five plants were cultivated at a suggested spacing of 35 cm by 25 cm in each plot.

Place and Duration of Study: The present investigation was worked out in the experimental block of Division of Floriculture & Landscaping Architecture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar campus, Srinagar from March 2022 to December 2022 under protected condition.

Methodology: Ten rose plants were chosen at random to be observed in a polyhouse setting in order to document the seasonal occurrence of whiteflies. Observations were made with a hand lens (10X). One day before the initial spray, the pre-count of whiteflies on roses was taken. Post-count observations were made at 1, 3, 7, and 15 days following the spray. Three randomly chosen plants from each treatment were observed. At intervals of 14 days, a second round of spraying was carried out, and the same observations were made. A statistical analysis was performed on the recorded data.

Results: The peak whitefly incidence on leaves was observed in 31^st SMW (3.55 whiteflies/leaf) at 20.4°C (minimum temperature), 33°C (maximum temperature), 66.7% (minimum RH) and 88.5% (maximum RH) whereas peak whitefly incidence on flowers was observed in 28^th SMW (11.05 whitefly/flower) at 20°C (minimum temperature), 29.5°C (maximum temperature), 92% (maximum RH) and 70% (minimum RH). Correlation studies revealed whitefly population to be positively and highly significantly correlated with temperature (minimum and maximum) while highly significantly and negatively correlated with RH (minimum and maximum). Regression analysis revealed 65.3 and 55.9 per cent variation in whitefly population on leaves and flowers respectively due to weather parameters. In management of whitefly/leaf/flower, T₆ (Acetamiprid 20% SP @ 0.2g/L) was reported as most effective treatment followed by T₇ (Thiamethoxam 25% WDG @ 0.3g/L).

Conclusion: The peak incidence of whitefly was observed in August. Use of different newer molecules along with entomopathogens and botanicals and also use of bio control agents for the control of whitefly.

Genetic Analysis of Yield Traits and Phenotypic Screening for Fusarium Wilt in Lentil at Kymore Plateau, Madhya Pradesh, India

Jhilick Banerjee — 2026-02-16

To evaluate genetic variability and the correlation between yield-attributing traits and seed yield, 92 genotypes—including two checks—were analysed for respective traits and seed yield. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the genotypes for each attribute that was studied. High heritability and high genetic advance as a percentage of mean were demonstrated by traits like the number of effective nodes per plant, the number of pod clusters per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the hundred seed weight, the biological yield per plant, the harvest index, and the seed yield per plant. Characters including the number of seeds per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the biological yield of the plant, and the harvest index have shown a positive and statistically significant correlation with seed yield per plant. A path coefficient analysis revealed that seed yield per plant was favourably influenced by the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, and biological yield per plant. In addition to genetic analysis the genotypes were evaluated for Fusarium wilt response under natural field conditions to identify genotypes with potential disease tolerance.

Candidate Gene Markers Based Molecular Characterization for Grain Zinc Concentration in Rice

Aswathy Nair R S — 2026-02-16

Genetic diversity in grain zinc content was assessed among thirty-five rice genotypes presumed to be biofortified, utilising candidate gene-based primers. The research also aimed to validate the effectiveness of these markers in determining the distribution of rice genotypes based on differential grain zinc accumulation. Notably, Zinco rice and R-RGY-MH-113 exhibited the highest zinc values. Fourteen candidate gene-based markers were employed for amplification, revealing a range of 1 (OsNRAM6K) to 6 (OsYSL14K) alleles per locus. The analysis resulted in a total of 54 allelic variants with certain primers such as OsZIP3K, OsZIP7K, OsYSL2K, OsNRAMP7K and OsNACK amplifying unique alleles. OsZIP5K produced two unique alleles, averaging 4.15 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were calculated to assess primer informativeness, with OsZIP7K exhibiting the highest PIC (0.7918), followed by OsZIP3K (0.778) and OsNACK (0.7755). The amplification products were scored, and the similarity matrix for all genotypes was obtained with the Dice coefficient method using NTSYSpc-2.02j. program. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0 to 0.75. Based on these coefficient values, four main clusters were obtained, consisting of fourteen, ten, five and six genotypes respectively. Cluster I & IV predominantly included superior genotypes, cluster II comprised mainly inferior genotypes and cluster III had a dominance of moderate genotypes in terms of the differential grain zinc accumulation.

Prevalence of Systemic Diseases with Special Reference to Hepatic Dysfunction in Geriatric Dogs in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Chede Prasanna Nandkumar — 2026-02-16

Since ancient times, dogs are thought to have been the first creatures that humans domesticated and employed. In veterinary practices, the word "geriatric" refers to animals that have achieved around 75% of their projected lifespan. The present study evaluated the prevalence of systemic diseases and the occurrence of hepatic dysfunction in geriatric dogs. A total of 554 geriatric dogs presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur, between July 2025 and December 2025 were included in the study. The dogs were evaluated on the basis of history, clinical signs, hematobiochemical alterations and diagnostic imaging. Overall, 55.05% of the dogs were affected with one or more systemic diseases. Chi-square test for goodness of fit was applied on the data. Among these, dermatological disorders were the most frequently encountered (14.10%), followed by gastrointestinal diseases (11.47%), while endocrine disorders showed the lowest prevalence (1.31%) rendering the data statistically significant (P<0.00). Systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was assessed in all dogs and hypertension was most observed in dogs suffering from renal diseases. Hepatic dysfunction was identified in 9.84% of the geriatric dogs, with the findings being statistically significant (P<0.00).(P<0.00). A higher occurrence was recorded in males (73.33%) compared to females (26.67%) and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Labrador Retrievers and non-descript breeds were predominantly affected accounting for 26.67% each rendering the data statistically significant (P<0.005). Inappetence and vomiting were the most consistent clinical manifestations in dogs with hepatic dysfunction. The study highlights the high burden of systemic disorders in geriatric dogs and underscores hepatic dysfunction as a clinically significant condition requiring routine screening and early intervention in aging canine populations.

Biology of Seed Beetle, Bruchus affinis Frolich (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Various Field Pea Genotypes under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir

Showkat Ahmad Sheikh — 2026-02-17

Pulses, containing 20–25% protein, are crucial for dietary security, with India contributing about 25% of global pulse production. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.), known as “matar” in India, and an important cool-season pulse valued for its high protein, starch, fibre, minerals, and vitamins, contributes about 3% of the total pulse area and nearly 5% of pulse production in the country. A laboratory study was conducted during 2023-2024 at the Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, to investigate the biology of the seed beetle Bruchus affinis on 26 field pea genotypes under ambient conditions. Significant variation was observed among genotypes for all biological parameters. Genotype IPFD-10-12 generally prolonged insect development, showing the longest mating duration, pre-oviposition, oviposition, incubation, larval and pupal periods, and the longest total developmental time, along with the lowest fecundity, egg hatchability, adult emergence, and adult longevity. In contrast, Pant-21-55 supported faster development, with shorter biological durations, higher fecundity, egg hatchability, adult emergence, and longer adult longevity. These results indicate marked genotype-dependent effects on the biology of B. affinis, suggesting the potential use of less susceptible genotypes in integrated pest management strategies for field pea.

Popillia cyanea Hope, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A New and Emerging Pest of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in Garhwal Range of Uttarakhand, India

Harshit Gupta — 2026-02-17

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is a vital legume crop in tropical regions, valued for its nutritional and agricultural benefits. However, insect pests like the scarab beetle Popillia cyanea cause significant yield losses, and their adaptability to new hosts poses a threat to cowpea production.

Aim: The study aims to document the first occurrence of Popillia cyanea Hope, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) feeding on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in Uttarakhand, India, and to describe its feeding behaviour and associated damage symptoms.

Study Design: A field-based observational study was carried out on cowpea during the Rabi season of 2025.

Methodology: Systematic field observations were carried out in cowpea fields to record the incidence, feeding behaviour, and damage symptoms caused by adult beetles. Observations focused on the time of activity, aggregation behaviour, plant parts affected, and the nature of foliage damage. Species identification was based on characteristic morphological features, including metallic-green colouration and typical scarab beetle morphology.

Results: Adult beetle P. cyanea caused severe defoliation on flowers, young leaves, and tender shoots of cowpea. Feeding occurred mainly during early morning and late evening, with beetles aggregating in small groups on the canopy. Leaf skeletonisation and reduced photosynthetic area resulted in noticeable growth retardation and yield loss, indicating P. cyanea as an emerging pest of cowpea in the region.

Conclusion: The study documents P. cyanea as an emerging pest of cowpea in Uttarakhand, India, highlighting the need for monitoring and eco-friendly management strategies to mitigate its impact on cowpea production.

Deciphering Genetic Variability and Trait Pathways Governing Yield in Pearl Millet

Shivam Singh — 2026-02-17

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a climate-resilient nutri-cereal that plays a critical role in food and nutritional security in arid and semi-arid regions; however, genetic improvement for grain yield remains challenging. The present investigation was undertaken to quantify genetic variability and to elucidate causal trait pathways influencing yield among diverse germplasm, with the scientific objective of identifying reliable indirect selection criteria for breeding high-performing cultivars. The experiment evaluated 35 pearl millet germplasm lines in a randomized block design with three replications under field conditions. Highly significant variation was observed for all quantitative characters, confirming substantial exploitable genetic diversity. Moderate to high heritability coupled with appreciable genetic advance was detected for tiller number and stem diameter, while correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations of yield with plant height, leaf dimensions, and biomass parameters. Path analysis indicated that stem fresh weight, stem diameter, and leaf number exerted the strongest direct positive effects on grain yield, whereas certain vegetative traits influenced yield predominantly through indirect pathways. These findings demonstrate that effective yield enhancement in pearl millet can be achieved through indirect selection emphasizing biomass-related and structurally stable traits rather than yield alone.

Physico-Chemical Properties and Storage Stability of Catechin Loaded Niosomes

Swarnalatha Gadapa — 2026-02-17

Catechins, belonging to the class of flavanoids, are present in greater amounts in green tea. They have attracted the interest of consumers owing to their health promoting properties, especially the antioxidant property. However, their food application is limited due to their low bioavailability, poor water solubility and stability under GI conditions. The catechins loaded niosomes were prepared using Tween 60 (CNT60) /Tween 80 (CNT80) and lauric acid by thin film hydration technique. The physicochemical such as photostability, solubility and storage stabilityat 30±2^oC and 5±2^oC were studied for three months. Samples were withdrawn at specified time intervals and analyzed for Particle size, Polydispersity Index, Zeta potential, Entrapment efficiency and pH. Solubility of free catechins was found very low @ 22.58 µg/mL, whereas solubility of catechin loaded niosomes prepared with T60 and T80 increased to 46.82 and 46.02 µg/mL. The solubility of catechins apparently improved two fold by loading them into niosomes. Free catechins were highly photosensitive; nearly 69% was degraded after 360 min when exposed to artificial Ultraviolet light, On the contrary, catechins in the niosomal form were degraded by 27.31 and 29.77% after exposure to the same time for CNT60 and CNT80. The catechins loaded niosomes when stored at 30 and 5^oC increased the particle size beyond 100 nm and decreased Entrapment efficiency to 50-65% after 90 days. The particle size, Polydispersity index and viscosity increased, whereas Zeta potential, Entrapment efficiency and pH decreased with increase in storage period up to 90 days at 30 and 5^oC for CNT60 and CNT80.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Improving Growth and Flower Yield of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Rayapu Sai Theja — 2026-02-19

An appropriate Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is required to manage the insect pest Hibiscus rosa sinensis without negatively impacting the environment because of pesticide residues in food, soil, water and the environment; the emergence of pesticide resistance; the resurgence of sucking pests; the outbreak of minor pests; and the widespread killing of non-target organisms like predators, parasitoids and pollinators. A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 season to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) modules in enhancing vegetative growth and flower yield of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) using a randomized block design. Foliar spraying of botanicals and insecticides was done on 3rd day and 7th day by using battery operated knapsack sprayer. Flowers buds were harvested and from two tagged plants and counted in different treatments. This observation was recorded after spraying on every after spraying. The results revealed the superiority of the imidacloprid treatment; however, one IPM module based on neem oil and citrus oil achieved statistically comparable results, indicating the potential of eco-friendly alternatives for incorporation into integrated pest management programs. The observed improvement in vegetative growth under IPM modules may be attributed to a substantial reduction in pest infestation levels, which in turn enhances photosynthetic efficiency, minimizes assimilate loss due to pest feeding, and promotes more effective allocation of photosynthates toward vegetative growth and flower bud formation. Based on these findings, the adoption of eco-friendly IPM strategies can reduce reliance on chemical insecticides while maintaining satisfactory vegetative growth and flower production.

Population Dynamics of the Rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Management under Protected Conditions in Kashmir

Suman Suman — 2026-02-19

Aims: To correlate the aphid population with the weather parameters, i.e., temperature (minimum and maximum), minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity. Bio-efficacy of different molecules against aphid population.

Study Design: RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) was used for the experiment. A polyhouse that was separated into three equal-sized blocks (14.6 m × 1.52 m) was used to plant a variety of roses. Eleven subplots, each measuring 1.11 meters by 1.52 meters, were created from each block. Five plants were cultivated at the specified spacing of 35 cm by 25 cm in each plot.

Location and Study Period: The current study was conducted under protected conditions in the Division of Floriculture & Landscaping Architecture's experimental block at SKUAST-K's Shalimar campus in Srinagar from March 2022 to December 2022.

Methodology: Under polyhouse conditions, ten randomly chosen rose plants were used to record the seasonal occurrence of rose aphids. The observations were made with a 10X hand lens. RCBD design were used to assess bio-efficacy of different molecules. Two spray rounds were sprayed in the polyhouse at 14-day intervals after the aphid population on roses was counted the day before the spray. Following both treatments, observations were made of two randomly chosen plants from each treatment at 1, 3, 7, and 15 DAS (days after spraying) (3 leaves and one flower bud from each plant). A statistical analysis was conducted on the recorded data.

Results: Aphid population build-up began in the second week of April (14th SMW) and peaked in June and July (26th and 27th SMW), but the initial incidence of aphid population began in March (12th SMW). Aphid populations have been found to positively correlate with both minimum and maximum temperatures. Aphid population and relative humidity (minimum and maximum) were shown to be negatively correlated. The study revealed a significant positive correlation between aphid population density and both minimum and maximum temperatures (r = 0.546–0.586, p < 0.01), whereas relative humidity exhibited a significant negative association. Among the evaluated treatments, Thiamethoxam 25% WDG at a rate of 0.3 g/L achieved the highest level of aphid population suppression (>90%) under protected cultivation conditions.

Conclusion: The initial incidence of aphid population started from March- 12^th SMW and reaching the peak in June- July (26^nd and 27^th SMW). A positive correlation was reported between aphid population and minimum & maximum temperature and negative correlation was observed between aphid population and relative humidity. Treatment Thiamethoxam 25% WDG @0.3 g/L was found as the most effective treatment for suppressing the aphid populations.

Effect of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles and Botanical Extracts on the Biochemical Defense Mechanisms of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Dipake Shital — 2026-02-19

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, remains one of the most devastating diseases affecting tomato cultivation globally. As concerns over chemical residues and pathogen resistance grow, eco-friendly management strategies utilizing green-synthesized nanoparticles and botanical extracts have gained prominence as viable alternatives to conventional fungicides.The present investigation, conducted during the 2023–24 season, evaluated the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), neem extracts, and mancozeb in modulating biochemical defense parameters in tomato foliage. The treatments were assessed for their ability to induce systemic resistance by quantifying changes in total soluble protein, total phenol content, salicylic acid levels, and peroxidase (PO) activity at 2, 5, 8, and 11 days after inoculation (DAI). The experimental results revealed that all treatments significantly bolstered the host's biochemical defenses compared to the infected control. Notably, Treatment T₃ (AgNPs @ 100 ppm) emerged as the most potent elicitor, achieving peak enhancements at 8 DAI. Under this treatment, total soluble protein, phenol content, salicylic acid levels and peroxidase activity were increased by 93.37, 82.61, 87.13 and 94.96 per cent, respectively relative to the infected control.These findings strongly suggest that green-synthesized silver nanoparticles effectively prime the plant's immune system, triggering a robust defense response that limits the progression of P. infestans. Consequently, the application of AgNPs represents a highly effective and sustainable tool for the integrated management of late blight in tomato crops.

Influence of Growth Regulators and Boron on Growth, Flowering and Yield Characters on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Sunny — 2026-02-19

A field experiment was conducted from August 2019 to March 2020 at the Vegetable Seed Farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, to assess the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and boron on growth, flowering, and yield traits of tomato cv. Kashi Vishesh. The study was arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replications, including three boron levels (0, 0.3%, and 0.4% borax) and ten PGR treatments consisting of different concentrations of NAA, GA₃, and ethephon. Observations were recorded for growth parameters, flowering characteristics, fruit traits, and yield attributes.

The results showed that both PGRs and boron significantly influenced most of the measured parameters. Among PGR treatments, GA₃ at 75 ppm produced the highest plant height (81.47 cm), number of branches (10.84), fruits per plant (50.64), and yield per plant (1.58 kg), while control plants recorded the lowest values. Boron application at 0.3% was found most effective, resulting in maximum plant height (77.08 cm), branches (11.52), fruits per plant (53.70), fruit weight (82.67 g), and yield per plant (1.63 kg). Significant interaction effects were observed for several traits. The combination of GA₃ at 75 ppm with borax at 0.3% gave the highest plant height (86.85 cm), branches (13.38), fruit length (7.01 cm), and yield per plant (1.85 kg). For fruit weight, the treatment NAA at 75 ppm combined with borax at 0.3% recorded the highest value (85.71 g). However, interaction effects were generally non-significant for days to 50% flowering and days to first harvest.

Overall, the study indicates that foliar application of PGRs, particularly GA₃, along with boron at 0.3%, significantly enhances vegetative growth, reproductive performance, and yield of tomato. The combined effect of hormonal regulation and micronutrient supplementation improves plant physiological efficiency, resulting in increased vigor and productivity. Therefore, the application of GA₃ at 75 ppm together with borax at 0.3% is recommended for maximizing tomato growth and yield under similar agro-climatic conditions.

Induced Mutagenesis in Tomato: Comparative Morphological and Yield Evaluation of EMS-Derived Mutants for Genetic Variability and Superior Genotypes

Shafqat Mehraj — 2026-02-19

Crop improvement requires genetic variability, and induced mutagenesis provides an efficient approach for producing new variation. In this study, the genetic diversity of 24 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes comprising 21 induced mutants, one parent genotype, and two standard checks, was assessed in both controlled and natural environments. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis, genetic variability factors, and analysis of variance were used to analyse morphological and yield-related characteristics. All traits showed highly significant genotypic variances, suggesting significant genetic diversity. Fruit weight, number of locules, fruits per truss, and yield per plant all showed strong genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, high heritability, and genetic advancement, indicating the predominance of additive gene action. While cluster analysis separated genotypes into discrete clusters, indicating significant genetic divergence among mutants and their isolation from the parent genotype, PCA showed that fruit size attributes and yield components were the main contributors to overall variability.The strength of trait relationships and diversity patterns was validated by the agreement between univariate and multivariate analyses. Overall, the study shows that induced mutants are important genetic resources and finds important characteristics and superior genotypes that can be successfully used in tomato breeding programs targeted at genetic improvement and yield increase.

Ichthyo Faunal Diversity of Hathnikund Barrage, Haryana, India

Pragya Mehta — 2026-02-20

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly influenced by hydraulic structures and anthropogenic activities, which can significantly affect fish diversity and habitat conditions. Therefore, periodic assessment of ichthyofaunal diversity is essential for effective conservation and sustainable management. This study provides a detailed assessment of fish diversity in the Hathnikund Barrage, Haryana, from September 2022 to March 2024. A total of forty-seven fish species were recorded, representing five orders and eight families. The fish species belonged to orders Cypriniformes followed by Siluriformes, Perciformes, Anabentiformes and Synbranchiformes. The families were Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, Ailiidae, Sisoridae, Ambassidae, Channidae and Mastacembelidae. The order Cypriniformes was the most dominant, encompassing 70% of the species, with Cyprinidae being the most prevalent family. The conservation status (IUCN status), of these species varied, with 85% classified as Least Concern and only 2 % belonged to endangered category. The study observed fluctuations in diversity indices, with Shannon’s index ranging from 3.48 to 3.68, and Simpson's 1-D diversity index from 0.96 to 0.97.

Assessment of Molecular Genetic Diversity for Drought Tolerance in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

S. Isha Parveen — 2026-02-20

Stay-green is an important trait for improving drought tolerance and yield stability in sorghum under water-limited conditions. The present study aimed to assess the stay-green related molecular diversity and its association with grain yield in sorghum hybrids. Molecular analysis was conducted during rabi 2022–23 at RARS, Nandyal using sixteen F₁ hybrids along with two male sterile lines and eight restorers. Genomic DNA extracted through modified CTAB method was amplified using ten stay-green linked SSR markers associated with major loci Stg1, Stg2 and Stg3. Out of ten markers, seven were polymorphic and used for analysis. Molecular profiling revealed differential distribution of stay-green QTLs among parents and hybrids; AKMS66-2A possessed all three major QTLs (Stg1, Stg2 and Stg3), while 104A carried Stg1 and Stg2. Hybrids involving AKMS66-2A consistently exhibited favourable QTL combinations. Cluster analysis based on SSR data grouped the genotypes into four distinct clusters with a mean dissimilarity of 0.29, indicating moderate genetic diversity. Significant variation was observed for stay-green expression and grain yield among genotypes. The hybrid AKMS66-2A × R 3777 recorded the highest grain yield (4031.93 kg ha⁻¹) with a low stay-green score (1.28), followed by 104A × R 196 (3917.84 kg ha⁻¹; stay-green score 1.26). Superior hybrids with favourable stay-green QTL combinations demonstrated enhanced drought tolerance and can be effectively utilized in marker-assisted breeding programmes for developing climate-resilient sorghum hybrids.

Determining the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.)

Shaily Nagar — 2026-02-20

The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur (Rajasthan) to study the Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of Capsicum [Capsicum annuum L.] cv. during kharif season of the year 2024-25. The experiment was laid down in RBD which consisted 10 treatment combinations viz; T₀- Control (Water Spray), T₁- NAA (25 PPM), T₂- NAA (50 PPM), T₃- NAA (75 PPM), T₄- GA₃ (5 PPM), T₅- GA₃ (15 PPM), T₆- GA₃ (30 PPM), T₇- CCC (200 PPM), T₈- CCC (400 PPM), T₉- CCC (600 PPM) and treatments were replicated three times. The results revealed that plant growth regulators significantly influenced growth, yield, and quality parameters of capsicum. The maximum plant height at 30, 60, and 90 DAT (36.75, 51.93, and 71.25 cm, respectively) and maximum number of branches per plant (13.33 and 17.37 at 60 and 90 DAT) were recorded under GA₃ at 30 ppm (T₆). The minimum days to first flowering (38.62 days) and maximum number of fruits per plant (19.20), fruit length (11.92 cm), fruit diameter (7.95 cm), fruit weight (117.62 g), and yield per hectare (167.65 t/ha) were observed with NAA at 75 ppm (T₃). Quality parameters such as ascorbic acid content (0.94 mg/100 g) and pericarp thickness (8.01 mm) were also highest in T_3. Economically, NAA at 75 ppm recorded the highest net return (₹6,31,860.7/ha) and benefit–cost ratio (3.06), followed by NAA at 50 ppm. Therefore, it can be concluded that foliar application of NAA at 75 ppm proved to be the most effective treatment for achieving maximum growth, yield, quality, and profitability in capsicum cultivation under Jaipur agro-climatic conditions.

Influence of Solanaceous Rootstocks on Bacterial Wilt Resistance, Growth and Productivity of Sweet Pepper

M. Sabira — 2026-02-21

Bacterial wilt is one of the most devastating soil borne disease of solanaceous crops particularly sweet pepper, chilli, tomato and brinjal in the tropics and subtropics. The present study was conducted to evaluate the best rootstock for sweet pepper variety California Wonder for bacterial wilt resistance under artificial inoculation and to assess growth, yield, quality and bacterial wilt resistance of sweet pepper grafts under field condition. Artificial inoculation of Ralstonia solanacearum was carried out by root dipping method. California Wonder grafted on Haritha rootstock found highly resistant to bacterial wilt but grafting parameters and mean performance of this graft was found poor. The graft combinations of sweet pepper on the rootstocks Capsicum chinense variety Vellayani Thejus and Capsicum annuum variety Ujwala were found superior for grafting parameters, flowering and yield parameters and were resistant to bacterial wilt under artificial inoculation and field condition. So, these rootstocks can be recommended in areas with higher bacterial wilt incidence as well as to get higher yield.

Biological Control Strategies for Sustainable Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies: A Review

Ankush Mitra — 2026-02-20

Background: Tephritid fruit flies (Order Diptera: Family Tephritidae), commonly known as true fruit flies, are amongst the most destructive insect pests of agricultural and horticultural production. These pests cause significant economic losses through direct fruit damage and quarantine restrictions in tropical and subtropical regions and affect a wide variety of fruits and fleshy vegetables, leading to both quantitative and qualitative losses in yield. Traditional management practices which often rely heavily on chemical pesticides, have led to concerns regarding environmental contamination, insecticide resistance and non-target effects. The urgency for alternative strategies to develop more ecologically sound and sustainable strategies for managing tephritid fruit flies is thus essential. This review attempts to address a critical gap in Indian research by analysing success of biological control at the Global scale to provide a roadmap for localized biocontrol applications.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature survey was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, reviews, reports and experimental findings published between 2000–2024. Searches across major scientific databases with targeted keywords ensured a transparent, comprehensive and unbiased evaluation of biological control strategies for Tephritid management.

Result: Our review highlights the diverse biological control methods researched and implemented against Tephritid fruit flies, highlighting the roles of parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens with remarkable specificity. Classical, augmentative and conservation biological control strategies are discussed against key pest genera like Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Rhagoletis. Braconid parasitoids such as Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata are widely used, while entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana), nematodes (Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) and bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) show promise against multiple life stages. Predators including ants and spiders also contribute to suppression. In India, limited studies highlight fungal, nematode and bacterial applications, emphasizing the need for region-specific, integrated strategies.

Conclusion: Biological control of Tephritid fruit flies offers an ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, enhancing food security while preserving biodiversity. By integrating parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens within IPM frameworks, region-specific strategies can ensure long-term suppression of pest populations, reduce environmental risks and promote resilient, climate-adaptive agricultural systems. Successful transition to ecological frameworks requires the integration of biological control into broader IPM strategies, supported by proactive policies and financial aids to encourage adoption by the farmers.

Design, Implementation and Didactic Applications of an Online Biostatistical Assistant for Higher Education Students

Ian Jhemes Oliveira Sousa — 2026-02-03

Learning scientific methodology is a fundamental skill in modern higher education; however, many students face significant barriers in transitioning from theoretical concepts to the practical analysis of data. This article presents AEDES (Statistical Assistant for Higher Education Students), a web-based tool developed to overcome this gap. AEDES offers a smooth learning curve interface for data entry, automatic selection of statistical tests, and clear, publication-ready visualizations. Unlike classic software focused on statistics itself (and not biostatistics) that often overwhelm beginners with complex menus and extensive functionalities, AEDES prioritizes clear didactics, offering alerts and objective interpretations of results. This article describes the general principles of the system, its comprehensive methodological structure, including the use of inferential biostatistical strategies such as Welch's t-test for comparisons between two groups, ANOVA explored with Holm-Bonferroni post-hoc analyses for multiple groups, and robust measures for association and sample size determination, and its potential impact on increasing research productivity and statistical understanding among undergraduate students in life sciences-related fields.

Survey, Symptomatology, and Isolation of Anthracnose of Cucumber Caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in the North Karnataka, India

Vani C B. — 2026-02-03

Anthracnose is a destructive disease affecting cucurbits, causing significant losses. The disease can reduce yield by up to 30% in cucumbers and up to 60% in watermelons. A survey conducted in various districts of Karnataka revealed that the highest disease severity was recorded in the Chitradurga District (15.45%), while the lowest was in the Raichur District (3.47%). Colletotrichum orbiculare, the pathogen that causes this disease, produces sparse white mycelia with honey-colored pigmentation on their underside. It also produces small aseptate and obtuse conidia, as well as hyaline and septate mycelia.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Feeding Coriander Seeds, Black Pepper, and Turmeric Powder on Feed Acceptability, Growth Performance and Economics in Commercial Broilers

Nitinkumar A. Barad — 2026-02-07

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of coriander seed, turmeric powder, and black pepper on feed intake, growth performance, and economic efficiency in commercial broiler chickens. The experimental data were statistically analyzed following the procedures by using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The study was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, for six weeks, from May 1st to June 11th, 2016. Dry matter content of feed samples was determined by drying in a hot air oven at 100°C for 24 hours. Proximate analysis of representative feed samples was carried out using standard procedures. Blood samples were aseptically drawn from the wing vein and placed in containers with labels that contained the anticoagulant sodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (Na-EDTA). Using the Sahli's acid hematin method, the micro-hematocrit method for packed cell volume (PCV), and a hemocytometer for total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin concentration was calculated. For biochemical analysis, blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate plasma, which was then stored at −20°C until further analysis. The results of the study revealed that dietary supplementation of coriander seed (2%), turmeric powder (2%), and black pepper (0.5%) significantly improved body weight gain and feed consumption in broiler chickens. Although feed conversion ratio (FCR) was numerically lower in the coriander seed and black pepper supplemented groups compared to the control and turmeric powder groups, the differences were statistically non-significant. Hematobiochemical parameters and carcass characteristics were not adversely affected by supplementation of coriander seed, turmeric powder, or black pepper in broiler diets. Economic analysis indicated that only the coriander seed and black pepper supplemented groups yielded positive returns over the control group.

Performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan) on Primary and Secondary Host Plants in Assam: A Seasonal Analysis of Cocoon Characteristics

Mala N — 2026-02-12

The present study evaluated the influence of different host plants on cocoon characteristics of eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan) on primary (Castor, Ricinus communis) and secondary (Kesseru, Heteropanax fragrans; Tapioca, Manihot esculenta) host plants in Assam, focusing on cocoon shell weight, pupal weight and shell ratio. Cocoon and pupal parameters were highest with Castor, followed by Tapioca, with Kesseru recording the lowest values. The findings are in conformity with earlier reports highlighting castor as the most suitable host plant for eri silkworm owing to its superior leaf nutritive value and positive influence on larval growth and cocoon traits. Kesseru, although less efficient, still contributed to silkworm production under certain conditions, with seasonal variations playing a critical role in determining the success of rearing. Overall, the study underscores the significant role of host plant and season in determining cocoon quality and productivity of eri silkworm under Assam agro-climatic conditions.

Influence of Plant Geometry and Weed Management Strategies on Productivity and Profitability of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A. Mahapatra — 2026-02-16

Afield experiment “Influence of plant geometry and weed management strategies on productivity and profitability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)” was conducted during summer season of 2023 at the Instructional Farm, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The experiment was laid out in a factorial RBD design consisting of two plant spacings, the conventional spacing: 60 cm x 30 cm and the modified spacing: 75 cm x 25 cm and seven weed management practices consisting of total 14 treatment combinations and 3 replications. The sunflower hybrid DRSH-1 was grown as the test variety. WCE was highest in weed free treatment in all growth stages and WI (%) was minimum in Farmers’ practice (two intercultivation at 20 & 40 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS). Plant spacings did not have significant effect on growth parameters, yield attributes and on seed yield. The head diameter (17.0 cm) and test weight (56.6 g) was more in weed free and at par with Farmers’ practice (two intercultivation at 20 & 40 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS). The seed yield (2048 kg/ ha) and the oil yield (819 kg/ ha) were maximum under weed free condition and it was at par with Farmers’ practice (two intercultivation at 20 & 40 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS), One intercultivation at 20 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS and Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence fb quizalofop-p-ethyl 10 EC @ 37.5 g a.i/ha at 20 DAS. The net returns (Rs. 63,121) and B:C ratio (1.99) was higher with application of Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence fb quizalofop-p-ethyl 10 EC @ 37.5 g a.i/ha at 20 DAS in 75cm x 25cm plant spacing. Hence, spacing of 75cm x 25cm and weed management practice of Pendimethalin @ 1kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence fb quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS can be considered asthe most productive and profitable option for sunflower.

Microbiome-Driven Regulation of Brain Function: Molecular Pathways Linking Gut and Neuropsychiatric Health

Rajesh Ramasandra Venkataraja — 2026-02-06

This review critically appraises seminal studies on emerging mechanisms of gut-brain communication, summarising microbiome-targeted clinical interventions, and highlighting future trajectories for therapeutic development in mental health. The gut microbiome, comprising trillions of microbial cells, exerts major influence over host metabolism, immunity, and neural function. Through the gut–brain axis, a complex network linking neural, immune, and endocrine pathways, microbial communities shape cognition and emotional regulation. Mounting evidence identifies key microbial taxa, metabolites, and molecular pathways governing mental health. Core mediators include short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan–kynurenine metabolites, and bile acid derivatives, which modulate blood–brain barrier integrity, neurotransmission, and systemic inflammation. Dysbiosis-driven endotoxaemia, particularly via lipopolysaccharide signalling, activates neuroinflammatory cascades implicated in depression and anxiety. Precision psychobiotics such as Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 and Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 show strain-specific efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms in randomised controlled trials. Both animal and human studies highlight bidirectional interplay: psychological stress reshapes gut ecology, while microbial imbalance disrupts mood and cognition. Emerging interventions, including faecal microbiota transplantation and synthetic microbial consortia, show translational promise but remain constrained by ethical and regulatory barriers. This review integrates findings from clinical trials, multi-omics mapping, and computational models to clarify microbiome–brain mechanisms. It outlines prospective directions in psychobiotic design, metabolite biomarkers, and systems-based therapeutics, framing the gut microbiome as a modifiable determinant of neuropsychiatric health. With continued rigorous investigation and integration across disciplines, microbiome research is poised to revolutionise our understanding and management of mental health disorders, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.

Integrated Nutrient Management for Sustainable Sugarcane Productivity in India: Concept, Practices, and Policy Imperatives

K. K. Singh — 2026-02-02

Sugarcane is a high-nutrient-demanding crop in India. Continuous cultivation and heavy fertilizer use have led to soil fertility depletion and environmental degradation. Nutrient use efficiency in sugarcane remains low under conventional practices. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is a holistic approach to address these challenges. It combines organic manures, chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers, green manures, and nano-nutrients. INM aims to improve nutrient use efficiency, sustain yields, and restore soil health. This paper reviews the scientific and practical aspects of INM in Indian sugarcane production systems. It examines existing nutrient management practices and recent advances in nano-fertilizers and precision inputs. Region-specific INM modules for plant and ratoon crops are discussed. Field demonstrations show yield improvements of about 10–20% under INM. Soil organic carbon and microbial activity also increase significantly. Institutions such as ICAR, State Agricultural Universities, and sugar mills promote INM through research and extension. Government initiatives like the Soil Health Card scheme support its adoption. However, adoption remains limited due to weak input supply chains and knowledge gaps among farmers. Fertilizer subsidy policies also favor chemical fertilizers. New technologies offer future opportunities. These include AI-based nutrient decision tools, remote sensing, and drone-assisted fertilizer application. The paper suggests a roadmap for scaling INM. It emphasizes zonal nutrient protocols, policy reforms, stronger input value chains, and better convergence among research, extension, and policy stakeholders. INM is essential for climate-resilient and resource-efficient sugarcane cultivation in India.

Influence of Chemical Herbicides on Weed Management in Mustard–Lentil Intercropping Systems: A Review

Shalu Kumar — 2026-02-03

Mustard (Brassica juncea) & lentil (Lens culinaris) intercropping is an agronomically and nutritionally important rabi-season production system in South Asia, offering advantages in land-use efficiency, resource capture, and farm resilience. However, its productivity is severely constrained by intense weed pressure arising from slow early crop growth, open canopy structure, and asynchronous resource demand between component crops. This review critically synthesises existing research on weed flora, herbicide efficacy, crop selectivity, phytotoxicity, and agroecological consequences of chemical weed management in mustard–lentil intercropping systems. Dominant winter weeds, including Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis, Coronopus didymus, and Phalaris minor, cause substantial yield losses when not effectively managed. Pre-emergence herbicides such as pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, and oxadiargyl and selective post-emergence herbicides including ALS- and ACCase-inhibitors remain central to weed control, yet their use in intercropping demands exceptional precision due to the high herbicide sensitivity of lentil. Evidence indicates that inappropriate dose, timing, or broadcast application can induce phytotoxicity, suppress nodulation, and compromise system productivity. The review highlights the importance of spatially selective application methods, herbicide rotation, and integration with cultural and mechanical practices to enhance selectivity, delay resistance evolution, and safeguard soil biological health. Emerging challenges, including herbicide resistance, residue carryover, and environmental and human-health risks, underscore the limitations of chemical-only strategies. Consequently, integrated weed management (IWM), combining judicious herbicide use with optimised crop geometry, mechanical weeding, and ecological intensification, is identified as the most resilient pathway for sustainable mustard–lentil intercropping. The review concludes by identifying critical knowledge gaps and research priorities necessary to refine herbicide stewardship and improve system-level productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability.

Aliens in the Field: A Review of Non-native Plant Contribution in Agriculture

Amit Raj — 2026-02-05

The exotic crops are like aliens in the fields, offering significant potential in food security, farm diversification, and economic growth for farmers, especially in regions of ecological imbalance and climate change with declining crop diversity. India’s diverse agro-climatic zones make it a favourable environment for adapting exotic species, many of which have become integral to local farming systems. Despite many challenges, such as outbreaks of pests, diseases, and weed infestation, with the invasion of exotic crops, successful practices like protected cultivation and precision farming greatly support establishing a cropping system with exotic crops. The market demand for exotic crops is increasing daily, and their nutritional value also helps combat hidden hunger and strengthens food systems. With proper management, policy support, and farmer participation, exotic crops can be pivotal in building resilient, self-reliant agricultural systems—their integration into local ecosystems heading toward a critical step toward a sustainable and secure farming system.

Ammonia Toxicity in Bivalve Molluscs: A Review

Victoria Tripathy — 2026-02-05

Ammonia is a major toxicant of concern in aquaculture systems, originating from anthropogenic inputs such as excessive feeding, sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents. In aquatic environments, ammonia exists as ionized ammonium (NH₄⁺) and un-ionized ammonia (NH₃), with the latter being highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Bivalve molluscs are particularly susceptible to ammonia toxicity due to their filter-feeding behaviour and continuous exposure to ambient water. Elevated ammonia concentrations adversely affect growth, feeding, behaviour, and immune responses in bivalves, leading to oxidative stress, tissue damage, and metabolic dysfunction. Behavioural responses such as prolonged shell opening and reduced foot retraction are commonly observed indicators of physiological stress. In addition, ammonia exposure causes marked alterations in haemocyte counts, serum glucose, total protein levels, and hepatic enzyme activities, including AST, ALT, and ALP, reflecting metabolic and immunological imbalance. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on ammonia toxicity in bivalve molluscs, highlighting physiological, biochemical, and immunological responses, and underscores the importance of effective ammonia management for sustainable bivalve aquaculture. In the context of increasing environmental fluctuations, advancing our understanding of ammonia-mediated stress responses is crucial for safeguarding bivalve populations and ensuring the resilience of aquatic ecosystems.

A Review on Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica): Importance, Nutritive and Medicinal Value, Cultivation Technology and Constraints in Current Scenario

Mithilesh Kumar — 2026-02-06

Mushroom is cultivated around the world in the present time become very popular. Increasing population of the country impacts on food production, nutritional security health, environmental and livelihood of the Populace. To signify the saying “waste to wealth” resource conservation implies the popular waste of crop grown to produce milky Mushroom. Milky mushroom has immense potential to be popularized among millions of vegetarian consumers due to its rich nutritional and medicinal attributes, as it provides all essential amino acids and minerals required by people of all age groups, ranging from children to lactating mothers. Milky mushroom contains several bioactive components that have been proven beneficial for patients suffering from hypertension, high blood sugar, gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. It was first identified in West Bengal and cultivated on a wide range of substrates; however, it was not commercialized until 1998. In the meanwhile, Krishnamoorthy rediscovered the mushroom at Tamil Nadu in 1997 and standardized the protocol to lead commercial production. It has long shelf life to the tune of 5-7 days compared to another mushroom. In the present scenario, several challenges exist in milky mushroom cultivation, including the requirement of an appropriate casing material for its production. In addition, maintaining optimum temperature, moisture, and aeration conditions is often difficult to manage. A comprehensive and analytical reviews on various parameters in nutritional requirement to enhance the mushroom productivity have been outlined. Lignocellulosic biomass is also used as substrate. The mineral contents and non-enzymatic antioxidants show incomparable with Button & Oyster mushroom. Antioxidant bioassay using methanol extract of this mushroom adds flavour profile both in fresh and dried ones. Its extracts are reported to possess both anti-hyperglycaemic activity and anti-lipid peroxidation effects.

Alopecia Areata: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutics

Srilagna Chatterjee — 2026-02-06

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, immune-mediated, non-scarring alopecia characterized by unpredictable hair loss and substantial psychosocial burden. Once considered a hair-restricted disorder, AA is now recognized as a systemic disease arising from complex interactions between genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, environmental triggers, intrinsic hair follicle vulnerabilities. Central to disease pathogenesis is the collapse of hair follicle, driven predominantly by cytotoxic CD8⁺NKG2D⁺ T cells within a Th1-skewed cytokine milieu dominated by interferon-γ and interleukin-15. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple susceptibility loci, including HLA class II genes and immune regulatory pathways, while emerging evidence implicates hair-shaft–specific genes, oxidative stress regulators, and epigenetic modifiers, underscoring disease heterogeneity beyond classical autoimmunity. Environmental factors such as smoking, sleep disturbance, psychological stress, and microbiome dysbiosis, further modulate disease risk and severity. Advances in Trichoscopy have refined non-invasive diagnosis and disease monitoring, while therapeutic strategies have expanded from conventional corticosteroids to targeted Janus kinase inhibitors, representing a paradigm shift in disease management. However, challenges related to long-term safety, relapse, accessibility, and cost still remain. This review integrates current insights into AA pathogenesis, diagnostics, and emerging therapies, emphasizing the need for personalized, multidisciplinary, and translational approaches to improve long-term outcomes and quality of life.

The Gut-Metabolic Axis: Role of Algal Fucoidans and Ulvans in Attenuating Systemic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Zubair AA — 2026-02-10

This narrative review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2025 that investigate the effects of fucoidans and ulvans on gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, and metabolic outcomes. The gut-metabolic axis, defined as the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and host metabolism, is a paramount modulator of health and disease. Dysregulation of this axis is increasingly recognized in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), conditions frequently driven by chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. A key mediator of this inflammatory state is metabolic endotoxemia, resulting from augmented intestinal permeability and translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the systemic circulation. Among marine-derived bioactive compounds, brown seaweed fucoidans and green seaweed ulvans have attracted considerable attention for their capacity to modulate the gut-metabolic axis. These sulfated polysaccharides serve as prebiotics that selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia muciniphila, thereby enhancing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. SCFAs, particularly butyrate, play essential roles in sustaining gut barrier integrity, modulating immune responses, and improving glucose homeostasis. Beyond their prebiotic effects, fucoidans and ulvans exert direct anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK signaling cascades and suppressing TLR4-mediated LPS recognition. Through these complementary mechanisms—gut ecosystem modulation, intestinal barrier reinforcement, and attenuation of inflammatory signaling—these algal polysaccharides represent a promising therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders. Their potential applications extend to functional foods, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements for the prevention and management of obesity, T2DM, and metabolic syndrome. However, it should be noted that the current evidence is predominantly derived from in vitro and animal studies, with limited clinical trials in human populations, underscoring the need for well-designed, long-term human intervention studies to validate their therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing regimens.

Effect of Egg Washing and Sanitation Protocols on the Hatchability of Duck Eggs: A review

Harikrishnan S. — 2026-02-13

Hatchability is a major determinant of reproductive efficiency and economic viability in poultry production, particularly in waterfowl enterprises. This review synthesizes current research on the effects of egg washing and sanitation practices on the hatchability of duck eggs under artificial incubation. Emphasis is placed on eggshell cuticle characteristics, microbial contamination, sanitation methods, egg weight loss during incubation, fertility, embryonic mortality, infected egg percentage, total viable microbial count, duckling quality, and economic efficiency. The literature indicates that duck eggs differ from chicken eggs in eggshell structure and cuticle density, which influences gas exchange, water loss, and susceptibility to microbial penetration. Studies consistently show that appropriately selected and optimized sanitation protocols—particularly those balancing microbial reduction with preservation of eggshell integrity—can reduce contamination levels, improve embryo survival, and enhance hatchability. However, excessive or improper washing may increase water loss and infection risk, leading to higher embryonic mortality. Overall, the evidence suggests that egg sanitation can be an effective management tool in duck production when combined with species-specific incubation conditions and strict hygiene control. The review highlights the need for standardized sanitation guidelines tailored to duck eggs to maximize hatchability, duckling quality, and economic returns.

Epigenetic Landscape of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Implications

Trishani Sengupta — 2026-02-14

Back pain, stiffness, uveitis, and peripheral arthritis are the main symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the spondyloarthritis group that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Early identification is crucial since progressive illness can lead to spinal fusion and functional impairment. Even though AS and the human leukocyte antigen HLA-B27 are highly heritable, the pathophysiology of the disease cannot be entirely explained by genetic predisposition alone. A growing body of research identifies epigenetic pathways as important modulators connecting immunological dysregulation and HLA-B27-associated vulnerability. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression are examples of epigenetic mechanisms that control tissue remodelling, immune cell differentiation, and the expression of inflammatory genes. Promoter hypermethylation is typically linked to gene suppression, while hypomethylation may allow gene activation, according to transcriptomic and epigenomic research, suggesting their potential as diagnostic indicators. Chromatin accessibility and disease-related gene expression are further influenced by histone modifications such as H3K9 acetylation. Combining genetic and epigenetic knowledge improves our understanding of the pathophysiology of AS and facilitates the development of improved diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Crop Diversification: A Pathway to Sustainable Agriculture

Alimpiya Bag — 2026-02-14

Climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic uncertainties pose significant challenges to agricultural sustainability, particularly for rural populations dependent on farming. Monoculture systems, adopted to meet the rising food demand, have aggravated soil and water degradation, biodiversity loss and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Crop diversification has emerged as a sustainable strategy to enhance resilience, productivity and livelihood security. Practices such as crop rotation, intercropping, mixed cropping, and the use of regionally adapted varieties, legumes and perennials reduce production risks, improve soil health, lower pest and disease incidence, enhance resilience to climatic extremes and stabilise farm income. In India, where agriculture is largely rainfed and constrained by fragmented landholdings, declining resources and market imperfections, diversification provides a pathway to balance food security with environmental sustainability. Shifting from low-value, resource-intensive crops to high-value, climate-resilient and market-oriented crops through horizontal and vertical diversification can improve productivity, profitability and nutritional security. However, adoption is limited by inadequate infrastructure, poor access to inputs and technology, weak market linkages and policy barriers, which must be addressed through supportive policies, targeted investments, strengthened value chains and farmer-participatory approaches.

Effect of Nanoparticles in Horticulture Crops: A Review

Anand Singh — 2026-02-14

Since the conceptual foundations of nanoscale science were articulated in the mid-twentieth century, nanotechnology has evolved into a multidisciplinary field with applications spanning materials science, electronics, biotechnology, food systems, and agriculture. In horticulture, nano-enabled approaches are increasingly explored for crop nutrition, plant protection, postharvest preservation, and quality monitoring. Applications include nano-fertilizers and nano-encapsulated nutrients for improved delivery efficiency, nano-based formulations for disease and pest management, and nanostructured packaging materials that regulate gas exchange, enhance ultraviolet protection, and extend the shelf life of horticultural produce. Smart packaging systems incorporating nanosensors further support postharvest management by enabling real-time detection of spoilage-related parameters such as humidity, temperature, and gaseous metabolites during storage and transportation. Despite these promising applications, concerns remain regarding the potential risks of nanomaterials to plant systems, human health, and the environment, particularly in relation to phytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and long-term ecological impacts. This review critically examines the benefits and limitations of nanotechnology in horticulture, with emphasis on nano-fertilizers, nano-encapsulated agro-inputs, and nano-based postharvest technologies. It also discusses the effects of nanomaterials on seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic performance, oxidative balance, and phytotoxic responses, highlighting current knowledge gaps and the need for risk-informed, sustainable deployment strategies.

Utilization of Plant-based Nutraceuticals for Optimizing Fish Reproduction in Aquaculture

Ashutosh Lowanshi — 2026-02-16

Plant-derived nutraceuticals are increasingly incorporated into aquafeeds as functional ingredients that may influence fish reproductive physiology, gamete quality, and spawning outcomes. Their effects span beneficial actions, such as antioxidant protection of gonads and gametes, immunoendocrine stabilization under farming stressors, and modulation of metabolic pathways supporting steroidogenesis and vitellogenesis, as well as potentially adverse endocrine-disrupting outcomes when estrogenic phytochemicals are present at inappropriate doses or life stages. This review synthesizes mechanistic understanding and experimental evidence on how botanical nutraceuticals—including polyphenols, phytoestrogens, carotenoids and pigment-rich matrices, essential oils, and algae- or leaf-derived bioactive complexes—interact with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, redox signaling, lipid metabolism, gut–microbiome processes, and epigenetic programming relevant to reproduction. Evidence from teleost models and aquaculture species indicates that outcomes are strongly context dependent, governed by ingredient standardization, bioavailability, species- and sex-specific sensitivity, reproductive stage, and environmental conditions such as salinity or pollutant exposure. Translational opportunities include broodstock diet design to improve sperm motility, egg biochemical quality, larval robustness, and reproductive resilience in variable culture environments, alongside cautionary strategies to avoid unintended feminization, disrupted sex differentiation, or compromised gametogenesis. Practical considerations for aquaculture implementation are discussed, emphasizing quality control, dose optimization, safety assessment, and research directions to strengthen causality and reproducibility.

Enhancing Yield, Quality, and Stability of Essential Oils by Application of Pulse Electric Field (PEF): A Review

Priyanshi Maheshwari — 2026-02-18

Essential oils are widely used across various industries due to their aromatic and volatile nature, and maintaining their bioactive integrity during processing is essential for preserving their commercial value. However, conventional extraction methods often involve prolonged processing times and may lead to chemical degradation of sensitive compounds. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) technology has emerged as a promising alternative, as it enhances cell membrane electroporation, facilitates mass transfer, and enables efficient release of intracellular constituents while preserving the natural composition and oxidative stability of essential oils. In several cases, PEF has been reported to increase extraction yield by up to threefold compared to conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, combining PEF with mild heat treatment can improve both product quality and microbial safety. Studies on plants such as Rosa damascena, Eucalyptus, Thyme, Marrubium, and coriander demonstrate that PEF not only enhances extraction yield but also increases key constituents, including total phenolics, terpenes, and antioxidant compounds. Additionally, PEF contributes to reduced environmental impact through lower energy consumption and emissions. Future research should focus on large-scale optimization and techno-economic evaluation to facilitate industrial implementation. Overall, PEF represents a sustainable and efficient approach for industrial-scale essential oil production.

Graphical Abstract

Management of Acute Spasmodic Colic Superimposed on Chronic Parasitic Enteritis in a Kathiawari Mare

Pothiappan.P — 2026-02-06

Colic remains as an emergency condition in equines, characterized by acute abdominal pain due to various gastrointestinal or extra-gastrointestinal causes. Spasmodic colic is a functional disturbance associated with intestinal motility disorder, often present and recurrent sometimes however, can also be triggered by underlying chronic management issues. This report details the clinical management of a ten-year-old Kathiawari mare with acute abdominal pain through ten-day history of intermittent diarrhea. Diagnostic investigation revealed marked intestinal hypermotility and mild dehydration. Successful management involved a multimodal approach, including immediate fluid therapy with visceral analgesic (Flunixin meglumine), spasmolytic agent (Hyoscine butylbromide) and prophylactic antimicrobial coverage to address potential mucosal compromise. The case highlights the significance of neglected deworming protocols as a predisposing factor for spasmodic episodes via chronic inflammatory sensitization, underscoring the efficacy of rapid medical intervention in indigenous breeds.

Therapeutic Management of Life-Threatening Anemia Associated with Canine Microfilariasis: A Case Report

Sundararajan, R.C. — 2026-02-09

A 3-year-old intact male Pug weighing 10 kg was presented to the Small Animal Medicine Unit with a history of anorexia, lethargy, and irregular voiding habits. Clinical examination revealed dull mentation, lateral recumbency, and blanched conjunctival mucous membranes indicative of severe anemia. Hematological evaluation confirmed severe anemia (Hemoglobin 3.25 g/dL; PCV 8.5%) and thrombocytopenia (70×10³/μL), while peripheral blood smears revealed the presence of microfilariae consistent with Dirofilaria species. Serum biochemistry parameters were within normal limits. Diagnosis was based on peripheral blood smear detection of microfilariae and compatible clinical findings due to limitations in heartworm antigen testing. Due to the life-threatening nature of the anemia, a whole blood transfusion was performed. A compatible major cross-match was obtained, and the transfusion was completed uneventfully. The patient was managed with a combined therapeutic approach using a whole blood transfusion as a supportive measure and a targeted antiparasitic regimen (Ivermectin and Doxycycline) for recovery. The patient showed significant clinical improvement by Day 5. This case highlights the importance of timely blood transfusion in stabilizing patients, allowing specific medical management to take effect.