Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Occurrence of Swine Cysticercosis in the Braj Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Taenia solium cysticercosis is an important zoonotic infection of One Health concern. Pigs serve as intermediate hosts carrying cysticerci, while humans act as definitive hosts, perpetuating transmission through taeniasis. Accidental ingestion of parasite eggs can result in neurocysticercosis, a severe human disease.

Aim: This study aimed to screen the occurrence of cysticerci in pork because of its public health significance.

Materials and Methods: From February to November 2025, 100 pig serum samples were collected from farms, butcher shops, and households in the study districts. The samples were screened using an antigen-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA). Household surveys and direct observations were conducted to assess risk factors, including farming system, flooring, hygiene, feeding practices, and water sources. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate associations.

Results: The overall prevalence was 8%, with Mathura showing the highest positivity (10%), followed by Hathras (4.55%) and Etah (0%). Sex-wise prevalence was 9.52% in males and 5.41% in females.

Conclusion: In India, the persistence of free-roaming pig rearing, poor sanitation, and unsafe water supplies sustains endemicity. The Braj Region of Uttar Pradesh (Mathura, Hathras, and Etah) illustrates these risk conditions, where traditional husbandry and variable hygiene may elevate exposure.

Pre-sowing Seed Treatment Protocol for Standardisation of Nursery Technology of Malabar Neem (Melia dubia Cav.) in the Lower Foothills of Himachal Pradesh

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Malabar Neem (Melia dubia Cav.) is a fast-growing, multipurpose indigenous tree species used in agroforestry and plantation forestry because of its rapid growth, short rotation, wood quality and economic value. Demand for quality seedlings is increasing in India; however, poor and inconsistent germination, associated with dormancy caused by the hard drupe wall and lignified endocarp, constrains large-scale nursery production. This study standardised a pre-sowing seed-treatment protocol for improving drupe germination, seedling growth and planting-stock quality of Melia dubia under polyhouse conditions in the lower foothills of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Forestry Research Farm, COHF, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India, during 2024-25. Ten treatments were evaluated in a Completely Randomised Design with four replications: untreated control, hot-water treatment, cold-water soaking, cow-dung slurry soaking, sandpaper scarification, concentrated H₂SO₄ treatment, GA₃, BAP, H₂O₂ and PEG treatment. A total of 400 drupes per treatment were sown to assess germination, seedling growth, biomass production and seedling quality indices. Treatment effects were significant (p < 0.05) for germination and growth parameters. Concentrated H₂SO₄ for 15 minutes recorded the highest germination (56.50%), followed by sandpaper scarification (50.00%) and cow-dung slurry soaking (44.75%), whereas the control recorded the lowest germination (25.00%). The same treatment produced the greatest seedling height (125.25 cm), collar diameter (80.08 mm), root length (12.45 cm), Seedling Vigour Index (7075.25) and Seedling Quality Index (11.77), and the lowest Seedling Sturdiness Quotient (1.57). Chemical scarification with concentrated H₂SO₄ for 15 minutes is therefore an effective treatment under the study conditions.

Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Stable Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Lines Resistant to Blast (Magnaporthe oryzae)

Balla Meghana, T. Srikanth, P. Madhukar, Y. Hari — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major constraint to rice production and requires the identification of resistant breeding material through reliable screening approaches. The present study evaluated stable rice breeding lines for leaf blast resistance by integrating phenotypic screening under Uniform Blast Nursery conditions with molecular marker analysis. Thirty-six stable F₆ breeding lines, along with Tetep as the resistant check and TN-1 as the susceptible check, were evaluated during Rabi 2025 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Polasa, Jagtial, Telangana. Disease reactions were recorded using the IRRI Standard Evaluation System (2013) for rice, and molecular confirmation was conducted using the Pi54MAS functional marker linked to Pi54 and the SSR marker RM527 linked to Pi2. The susceptible check confirmed the adequacy of disease pressure during field screening. Field screening identified nineteen breeding lines with resistant, moderately resistant or highly resistant reactions. Four lines, JGL-55531, JGL-55507, JGL-55508 and JGL-55510, showed highly resistant reactions with a disease score of 0, while JGL-55509 showed a resistant reaction with a score of 1. Molecular analysis detected the Pi54 resistance allele in five lines and the Pi2-associated allele in thirty lines. Four lines, JGL-55531, JGL-55507, JGL-55508 and JGL-55510, carried both Pi54 and Pi2. The correspondence between field reaction and marker data indicated that combined phenotypic and marker-assisted screening was useful for identifying blast-resistant breeding lines in the tested material. The resistant lines identified in this study may serve as useful genetic resources for further evaluation and incorporation into rice improvement programmes focused on blast resistance.

Impact of Foliar Application of Humic Acid, Manganese Sulphate and Zinc Sulphate on Physiological Responses and Productivity of Potato cv. Lady Rosetta

Hardilpreet Singh, Etalesh Goutam, Bharti, Krishan Kumar Singh, Rahul Pathania — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during 2025–26 at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, India, to evaluate the effects of foliar application of humic acid, manganese sulphate and zinc sulphate on growth, yield and tuber quality of potato cv. Lady Rosetta. The experiment comprised nine treatments, including an untreated control; humic acid, MnSO₄ and ZnSO₄, each at 500 and 1000 ppm; and their combined applications at the same concentrations. The treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Foliar sprays were applied twice, at 30 and 60 days after planting. Observations were recorded for plant height, number of compound leaves and leaf area index at 100 days after planting, total number of tubers per plant, average tuber weight, yield per plot, dry matter content, specific gravity and starch content. Analysis of variance revealed significant treatment effects for most traits at p < 0.01, whereas specific gravity was significant at p < 0.05. Among the treatments, T8, consisting of humic acid + MnSO₄ + ZnSO₄ at 1000 ppm each, recorded the highest plant height (87.90 cm), number of compound leaves (63.20), leaf area index (3.59), tubers per plant (9.86), average tuber weight (86.10 g), yield per plot (9.10 kg), dry matter content (24.60%), specific gravity (1.093 g cm⁻³) and starch content (17.68%). These values were higher than those of the control, which recorded 77.41 cm plant height, 47.50 compound leaves, 1.90 leaf area index, 5.97 tubers per plant, 51.52 g average tuber weight, 4.21 kg yield per plot, 16.40% dry matter, 1.001 g cm⁻³ specific gravity and 13.36% starch content. Under the conditions of the present experiment, combined foliar application of humic acid, MnSO₄ and ZnSO₄ at 1000 ppm each showed the greatest improvement in potato productivity and processing-related quality traits.

Effect of Biochar Produced from Different Feedstocks on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Naveen Sharma, Dipayan Sarkar, Usha Shukla, Manoj Kumar Bundela — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Pea is an important legume crop, and biochar is a sustainable soil amendment that may improve soil fertility, nutrient availability and crop productivity. Feedstock type can influence crop responses to biochar application.

Aim: The present investigation was conducted to study the influence of biochar produced from different feedstocks on the growth, yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L.).

Place and Duration of Study: The investigation was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, during the rabi season of 2025-26.

Methodology: The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with 13 treatments comprising 100% RDF alone and 100% RDF combined with coconut husk, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse or tree wood biochar at 2, 4 and 6 t/ha. Treatments were replicated three times, and observations were analysed using OPSTAT.
Results: Significant differences were observed among the treatments. Treatment T4 [100% RDF + CHB (6 t/ha)] recorded the highest plant height (53.46 cm), branches per plant (10.4), fresh plant weight (58.62 g), dry plant weight (9.20 g), chlorophyll content (29.46 mg/g), pods per plant (15.24), pod length (9.80 cm), pod yield per plant (129.42 g), pod yield per plot (9.317 kg), total sugar (18.90%) and B ratio (3.16). Treatment T7 [100% RDF + RHB (6 t/ha)] recorded the highest fresh and dry nodule weights and TSS.

Conclusion: The application of 100% RDF + CHB (6 t/ha) may be considered for improving pea yield and selected quality traits under the conditions of the present study.

Assessment of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) and Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) Intercropping in the Nicobar District, India

Sanketh G. D., Santosh Kumar, Ajmal S., Akshay, Deepoo Meena — Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An on-farm trial was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at Big Lapathy, Tapoiming and Campbell Bay in the Nicobar district of India to assess sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) intercropping under organic farming conditions. The treatments comprised Pusa sweet corn intercropped with green gram at 1:1 (T1), Pusa sweet corn intercropped with green gram at 1:2 (T2) and sole Pusa sweet corn (T3), arranged in a randomised complete block design with four replications. The two-year mean results indicated that T3 recorded the highest fresh cob yield of sweet corn at Tapoiming (85.2 q ha-1), Big Lapathy (82.3 q ha-1) and Campbell Bay (89.5 q ha-1); however, these values were statistically at par with T1. T3 also recorded the greatest sweet corn plant height and cob length across locations, while the corresponding values under T1 remained comparable. For green gram, T1 produced the highest plant height and pod length at all locations. In contrast, T2 produced the highest green gram grain yield, recording 752 kg ha-1 at Tapoiming, 712 kg ha-1 at Big Lapathy and 874 kg ha-1 at Campbell Bay, mainly due to the inclusion of two rows of green gram. Intercropping treatments maintained relatively higher final soil NPK status than sole sweet corn. Economic analysis showed that T1 recorded the highest benefit-cost ratios across all locations, with BC1 values of 3.57, 3.42 and 3.73 and BC2 values of 3.30, 3.17 and 3.33 at Tapoiming, Big Lapathy and Campbell Bay, respectively. The findings indicate that a 1:1 sweet corn-green gram intercropping system can provide comparable sweet corn yield with additional green gram output and favourable economic returns under the studied conditions.

Unraveling Source–Sink Dynamics Governing Yield in Soybean Using Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis across Contrasting Moisture Regimes

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: This study analysed source-sink relationships governing seed yield in soybean under contrasting moisture regimes using correlation and path coefficient analyses.

Study Design: A randomised block design with two replications was used.

Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at the ICAR-National Soybean Research Institute, Indore, during 2023 and 2024.

Methodology: Eighty-six soybean genotypes from an advanced recombinant inbred line population were evaluated for morphological, yield-related and physiological traits. Phenotypic correlations were estimated to assess trait associations, and path analysis partitioned correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield per plant.

Results: Analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic differences for most traits across years. Seed yield per plant was positively associated with pod weight per plant, number of pods per plant and biomass per plant. Under moisture stress, canopy temperature depression, SPAD chlorophyll content and delayed leaf senescence showed favourable associations with productivity, whereas stem reserve mobilization was negatively associated with seed yield. Path analysis identified pod weight per plant as having the highest positive direct effect on seed yield. Plant height and delayed leaf senescence also showed positive direct effects, while biomass per plant had a negative direct effect despite its positive correlation with yield, indicating an indirect contribution through yield components.

Conclusion: Soybean yield improvement under variable moisture conditions was closely linked with sink-related traits and assimilate partitioning. Pod weight per plant, pod number, plant height and delayed leaf senescence may be useful selection criteria for improving yield and stress adaptation.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Diversity in Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

M. Karunakar, L. Suryanarayana, B. Spandana, M. Srinivasa Rao — Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2025-26 at the Agricultural College Farm, Naira, Srikakulam District, to estimate genetic variability and diversity among 30 maize inbred lines. The material was evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replications, and observations were recorded for 12 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of variability in the experimental material. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for grain yield per plant (26.55% and 26.97%), anthesis-silking interval (21.42% and 23.46%), 100-kernel weight (20.36% and 20.92%) and number of kernels per row (20.17% and 21.05%). Ear height also showed high estimates, with GCV and PCV values of 22.97% and 22.43%, respectively, as recorded in the study. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was observed for anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, 100-kernel weight and grain yield per plant, suggesting the importance of additive gene action for these traits. Based on Mahalanobis' D2 statistics, the 30 inbred lines were grouped into six clusters. Cluster I contained the highest number of genotypes (12), followed by cluster III (7) and cluster II (6), while cluster VI was monogenotypic. The highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between clusters III and IV (559.19), whereas cluster V showed the highest intra-cluster distance (197.20). These results indicate that genotypes from clusters III and IV may be considered for hybridisation to exploit divergence and improve yield-related traits.

First Report of Banana Bunchy Top Virus in Cross River State, Nigeria

O. I. Eyong, O. I. Onen, B. B. Ekpenyong, E. E. Ekpiken — Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Banana and plantain are essential food crops and important sources of income for small holder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), caused by Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), is widely recognised as a major viral constraint to banana and plantain production because it reduces both yield in quantity and quality. The disease represents a concern for sustainable Musa spp. cultivation in Cross River State, Nigeria, where banana and plantain contribute to food supply and household income. This study assessed the occurrence and molecular identity of BBTV in selected banana- and plantain-producing locations in Cross River State. Leaf samples were collected from symptomatic plants in Akpabuyo, Odukpani, Ikot Offiong, Akparavoni, Akpet Central, Adim, Ikom, Igoli and Obudu, while samples from Ogun State, where BBTV had previously been reported, served as controls. Disease assessment was based on field symptoms, including dark green streaks, chlorosis, leaf narrowing and a bunchy top appearance. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method, and BBTV was detected by polymerase chain reaction using BBTV-specific primers targeting the DNA-R component, with an expected amplicon size of approximately 349 bp. PCR amplification confirmed BBTV infection in the tested symptomatic samples. Sequence comparison with available GenBank sequences showed sequence identity values ranging from 89% to 95%, and all isolates were assigned to the Pacific group. The findings indicate that BBTV is present across the sampled locations in Cross River State and suggest the need for routine molecular diagnostics, clean planting materials, vector monitoring and coordinated disease management to limit further spread.

Influence of Organic Seed Treatment and Growing Media on Seedling Growth and Vigour of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated the influence of organic seed treatments and bio-enriched growing media on seedling growth and vigour of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady. The experiment was conducted at the Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, during October to March 2024–2025. Sixteen treatment combinations were tested using four seed soaking treatments, namely water, coconut water, beejamrit and cow dung slurry, and four growing media combinations based on soil, sand and vermicompost, with or without microbial enrichment. The experiment was laid out with three replications, and seedling growth and vigour parameters were recorded up to 150 days after sowing. Coconut water produced better seedling performance than the other seed soaking treatments, while soil + sand + vermicompost enriched with Azospirillum produced superior growth and vigour among the growing media. The interaction treatment S2M3, comprising coconut water seed soaking and soil + sand + vermicompost + Azospirillum, recorded the highest plant height at 120 and 150 DAS (15.95 and 20.64 cm), stem girth (5.01 and 7.08 mm), number of leaves (9.88 and 11.55), fresh and dry root weight (7.52 and 1.83 g), fresh and dry shoot weight (11.44 and 2.55 g), seedling vigour index I (3773.6), seedling vigour index II (409.2) and survival percentage (86.89%). These findings indicate that coconut water seed soaking combined with an Azospirillum-enriched growing medium improved nursery-stage growth and vigour under the conditions of this study.

Biometric Characterisation and Reproductive Profiling of Native Mayurbhanj and Ganjam Goats (Capra hircus) of Odisha, India

Ipsita Mallick, Dillip Kumar Karna, Chinmoy Mishra, Susanta Kumar Dash — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This comparative study evaluated biometric and reproductive traits in 210 Mayurbhanj goats and 193 Ganjam goats of Odisha across four age categories: birth, 3 months, 12 months and adult stages. Morphometric measurements and reproductive parameters were recorded, and the data were analysed using a fixed-effect model. Breed had a significant effect on body weight and major morphometric traits across the evaluated age groups. Mayurbhanj goats consistently showed a smaller body frame and lower body weight than Ganjam goats. At the adult stage, Mayurbhanj goats weighed 20.27 ± 0.66 kg, whereas Ganjam goats weighed 30.65 ± 0.88 kg. Sexual dimorphism was evident in both populations, with males showing higher body weight and larger body measurements than females at the documented ages. Reproductive traits indicated earlier maturity in Mayurbhanj goats, with age at sexual maturity of 7.68 ± 0.14 months compared with 13.85 ± 0.13 months in Ganjam goats. Mayurbhanj goats also showed a lower age at first kidding, shorter kidding interval and higher twinning percentage than Ganjam goats. Phenotypic correlation analysis indicated a strong positive association between body weight and chest girth, supporting the usefulness of chest girth as a field indicator for estimating body weight. Overall, the findings describe Mayurbhanj goats as a smaller-framed population with comparatively earlier reproductive performance than Ganjam goats under the conditions evaluated.

RAPD-based Genetic Diversity and Relationship Analysis in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Genotypes Grown under Heavy Rainfall Zone of South Gujarat, India

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Assessment of genetic diversity is essential for the effective conservation, characterisation and utilisation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm in breeding programmes. In the present study, genetic relationships among thirty mango genotypes, including Lal Mulgoba, Makaran, Neelum, Badami Model, Neeleshan, Banglora, Neelphonso, Kalipari, Sonpari, Alphonso, Baneshan, Ratna, Langra, Neeleswari, Sindhu, Sardar, Jamadar, Asadiyo, Dadmiyo, Amrapali, Dashehari, Mallika, Pari, Rajapuri, Fazri, Amrutam, Karanjiyo, Vashi Badami, Vanraj and Kesar, were investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaf tissues using the CTAB method and assessed for quality and quantity by spectrophotometric analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. RAPD amplification generated distinct and reproducible polymorphic banding patterns, which were scored in a binary matrix and subjected to genetic similarity and cluster analyses using NTSYSpc software. The RAPD markers revealed substantial genetic polymorphism among the studied genotypes, indicating considerable genetic variability within the germplasm collection. Pairwise similarity coefficients ranged from 0.3259 to 0.7860, with the highest genetic similarity observed between ‘Amrapali’ and ‘Dashehari’ (0.7860), suggesting a close genetic relationship, whereas the lowest similarity was detected between ‘Banglora’ and ‘Neelphonso’ (0.3259), reflecting marked genetic divergence. Cluster analysis further grouped the genotypes according to their genetic affinities, demonstrating the effectiveness of RAPD markers in discriminating closely related mango cultivars. The observed genetic diversity provides useful information for germplasm management, parent selection and the development of improved mango cultivars through targeted breeding strategies.

Biochemical Defense Responses in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Rhizomes against Fusarium sp. and Meloidogyne Incognita Infection: A Cultivar-wise Comparative Study

A. R. Kiran, N. Umashankar Kumar, N. S. Pankaja, L. S. Nitish Kumar — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Wilt complex disease is a major constraint in ginger cultivation, leading to severe reductions in both yield and rhizome quality. The disease is primarily caused by a combination of soil-borne pathogens, including Fusarium spp. and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). The study of biochemical alterations in infected tissues provides valuable information on host-pathogen interactions and the mechanisms involved in disease progression. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to study the biochemical changes in ginger rhizomes infected with wilt complex disease and to compare the biochemical constituents of healthy and diseased rhizomes. The study was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, India, using four ginger cultivars under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Biochemical analyses of ginger rhizomes from four cultivars — IISR Varada, IISR Mahima, IISR Rejatha, and Rio-de-Janeiro — were conducted to assess enzymatic activities (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and biochemical constituents (total phenols, total sugars, reducing sugars, and condensed tannins) in healthy and wilt complex-infected plants at 30 and 60 days post-inoculation. The results revealed that infection by Fusarium sp., Meloidogyne incognita, and especially their combined inoculation significantly altered the biochemical constituents of ginger rhizomes, with the combined inoculation consistently inducing the highest levels of defense-related enzymes and metabolites, indicating a synergistic effect of the wilt complex pathogens. Among the cultivars evaluated, IISR Varada exhibited the highest activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, along with greater accumulation of tannins and total phenols following pathogen challenge. IISR Mahima also showed a strong biochemical response, whereas IISR Rejatha and Rio-de-Janeiro exhibited comparatively lower levels of enzyme activity and phenolic accumulation. Pathogen inoculation also influenced carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in increased reducing and total sugar contents in infected rhizomes. Overall, the study revealed a clear association between cultivar identity and the magnitude of biochemical defense responses. IISR Varada and IISR Mahima exhibited consistently stronger activation of defense enzymes and accumulation of secondary metabolites than IISR Rejatha and Rio-de-Janeiro, suggesting that PO, PPO, PAL, total phenols, and tannins may serve as useful biochemical indicators for evaluating ginger germplasm against wilt complex pathogens.

Physiological Response and Growth Dynamics of Cape Gooseberry under Integrated Nutrient Management

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is an important minor fruit crop valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Its growth and productivity depend greatly on appropriate nutrient management. Integrated nutrient management (INM), which combines chemical fertilisers with organic manures and biofertilisers, improves soil health, nutrient availability and plant physiological efficiency. However, limited information is available on its effects on growth and physiological indices under Andhra Pradesh conditions. A field experiment was conducted during 2023–24 and 2024–25 at the College Farm, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh, to evaluate the physiological response and growth dynamics of cape gooseberry under integrated nutrient management. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with nine treatments and three replications, involving different combinations of inorganic fertilisers, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and biofertilisers (Azotobacter, PSB and KRB). Observations on leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were recorded from 30 to 150 days after transplanting. Among the treatments, T3, comprising 75% recommended dose of nitrogen through inorganic fertilisers along with 25% nitrogen through FYM and vermicompost, supplemented with Azotobacter, PSB and KRB, recorded superior performance for all parameters. This treatment registered the highest LAI (2.11), CGR (7.25 g m⁻² day⁻¹), RGR (0.0554 g g⁻¹ day⁻¹) and NAR (0.0353 g cm⁻² day⁻¹) during the crop growth period. Better nutrient uptake, increased microbial activity and a balanced nutrient supply may have contributed to improved growth and physiological efficiency under T3. The findings demonstrated that the integrated application of inorganic fertilisers, organic manures and biofertilisers enhanced physiological efficiency and growth dynamics of cape gooseberry, with 75% RDN through inorganic fertilisers combined with 25% N through FYM and vermicompost, along with Azotobacter, PSB and KRB, emerging as the most effective nutrient management strategy.

Genetic Divergence Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Rice Fallow Conditions

G. Monica, K. Madhu Kumar, L. Suryanarayana, M. Srinivasa Rao — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short-duration pulse crop for rice fallow conditions, where genetically diverse and high-yielding genotypes are required for crop improvement. This study assessed genetic divergence among 30 greengram genotypes using Mahalanobis’ D² statistics and principal component analysis. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with two replications during Rabi 2025–26 at Agricultural Research Station, Ragolu, Andhra Pradesh. Eleven quantitative traits were recorded, including phenological, plant growth, pod, seed and yield-related characters. Tocher’s method grouped the genotypes into five clusters, indicating substantial variability. Cluster I comprised the maximum number of genotypes, whereas Cluster III was monogenotypic. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between Clusters IV and V, suggesting that genotypes from these clusters may serve as useful divergent parents. Cluster IV recorded the highest mean seed yield per plant. Among the traits, 100-seed weight contributed the highest proportion to total divergence, followed by plant height and number of pods per plant. The first four principal components explained 84.64% of the total variation, with PC1 accounting for 45.73%. Days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, days to maturity and seed yield per plant contributed to genotype differentiation. Genotypes DGG 1, DGGV 2, MGG 295, ML 818, MGG 351 and LGG 600 were identified as relatively distinct and may be useful genetic resources for greengram breeding under rice fallow conditions.

Assessing Open-pollinated Sugarcane Varietal Crosses for Productivity and Climate-resilient Traits in the Sexual Generation

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important agro-industrial crop in which exploitable variability is essential for varietal improvement. This study evaluated variability for productivity traits and desirable climate-resilient features, including non-flowering behaviour and foliar disease resistance, at the Agricultural Research Station, Sankeshwar, during 2023–2025. A total of 1,806 hybrid progenies derived from 63 open-pollinated crosses, along with seven commercial checks, were assessed in the seedling (sexual) generation using an augmented design. Eighteen families with adequate progeny population size were further evaluated for productivity traits, fluff (true seed) germination and seedling establishment parameters. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among tested progenies for most cane yield and juice quality traits, except juice extraction percentage. High heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean were recorded for the number of millable canes, number of internodes, cane height, single cane weight, cane yield and commercial cane sugar yield, indicating scope for direct selection in the seedling generation. Among the 18 open-pollinated general-collection families, CoPant 97222 GC, Co 10027 GC, MS 68/47 GC, SNK 09293 GC, Co 20007 GC, Co 19014 GC and CoN 15071 GC showed promising performance for varietal development aimed at improving cane and sugar productivity over the commercial standard Co 86032. These families recorded favourable mean productivity and higher proportions of selected progenies, suggesting the possibility of isolating transgressive segregants with useful climate-resilient traits. In addition, Co 19014 GC and SNK 09293 GC showed potential for direct commercial cultivation through improvement in seedling selection or enhanced fluff germination, respectively.

Genetic Variability, Character Association and Genetic Diversity Studies in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Germplasm

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic crop with ornamental, medicinal, nutritional and cultural importance. The present investigation was conducted from February 2024 to October 2025 at the College of Horticulture, Mysuru, Karnataka, to assess genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence in lotus germplasm. Fifty germplasm collected from Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu were evaluated in a Completely Randomised Design with two replications. As only twenty-six germplasm flowered in both years, these were used for further evaluation and variability analysis. Significant differences were observed among the germplasm for all characters studied, indicating considerable variability. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for number of flowers per plant (82.81% and 84.95%), number of coin leaves per plant (64.03% and 65.31%) and duration of flowering (49.97% and 53.11%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of flowers per plant (95.00% and 213.08%), duration of flowering (88.50% and 124.13%) and flower diameter (94.80% and 46.08%), indicating the predominance of additive gene action and the usefulness of direct selection. Number of flowers per plant showed a significant positive association with duration of flowering at genotypic (0.784) and phenotypic (0.720) levels, while days to bud initiation showed a negative association with flower yield (-0.597 and -0.459, respectively). Path analysis showed high positive direct effects of number of coin leaves per plant (1.013 and 1.029) and duration of flowering (0.482 and 0.474) on flower yield. Mahalanobis D² analysis grouped the germplasm into six clusters, with the maximum inter-cluster distance between Clusters V and VI (20.68), indicating wide genetic divergence. The results indicate that diverse germplasm identified in this study may be used in future breeding programmes for ornamental lotus improvement.

Interactive Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Varieties on Morpho-florimetric Traits and Flower Yield of China Aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees)

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The combined effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and varietal selection are important for improving ornamental crop productivity; however, variety-specific responses to PGRs have been less systematically examined in China aster. This study evaluated seven exogenous PGR treatments (T1–T7) and three varieties (V1–V3) using a two-factor experimental design to determine their effects on growth, flowering and flower yield. Eleven morpho-florimetric traits were recorded and analysed using two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and scree plots. PGR treatments and varieties significantly affected (p < 0.001) most traits, including plant height, leaf dimensions, branches per plant, flowering duration, flower diameter, flower weight, flowers per plant and total yield. Significant treatment × variety interactions (p < 0.05) were observed for plant height, branches per plant and flowers per plant, indicating differential varietal responses to PGR application. The T3V3 combination produced the highest flower yield (13.43 t ha⁻¹), whereas T1V1 recorded the lowest yield (8.01 t ha⁻¹). Flower yield was strongly and positively associated with flowers per plant (r = 0.91), flower weight (r = 0.85), branches per plant (r = 0.69) and flowering duration (r = 0.68). PCA indicated that the first two principal components explained more than 75% of the variance, with branches per plant, flower weight and flowers per plant contributing prominently to yield. These findings suggest that PGR recommendations for China aster should consider varietal responsiveness.

Integrating Seed Morphology and Chemical Tests for Rapid Varietal Identification of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate varietal identification is important for maintaining genetic purity, supporting seed quality assessment and facilitating seed certification in sorghum. The present study evaluated the usefulness of seed morphological traits and simple chemical tests for differentiating sixteen sorghum genotypes. The investigation was conducted under laboratory conditions during 2019–2020 at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, India. The genotypes were characterised for seed size, shape, colour and lustre, and their seed coat colour reactions were assessed using potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide–bleach tests. Considerable variation was observed among the genotypes for all morphological descriptors. Based on seed size, nine genotypes were classified as medium, five as large and two as small. Seed shape varied between elliptic and circular forms, with ten genotypes showing elliptic seeds and six showing circular seeds. Seed colour was grouped into yellow white (eight genotypes), grayed white (six genotypes) and grayed orange (two genotypes) categories, while seed lustre separated the genotypes into lustrous and non-lustrous groups. The potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide tests differentiated the genotypes into five reaction groups, namely light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, brown and reddish brown. The potassium hydroxide–bleach test classified ten genotypes with a dark-yellow reaction and six genotypes with a reddish-brown reaction. Among the chemical tests, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide showed greater discriminatory ability than the potassium hydroxide–bleach test. The results indicate that seed morphological characters, when used together with simple chemical tests, can provide practical supplementary descriptors for rapid varietal identification and characterisation of sorghum genotypes.

Comparative Efficacy of Field-Level Sampling Techniques for Cotton Yield Estimation

U. G. Thakare, K.M. Deshmukh, R. G. Matale — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate crop yield estimation is essential for food-security planning, supply-chain logistics and crop-insurance indexing. However, field-level forecasting in rainfed cotton systems can be affected by human bias, spatial error and seasonal variability. This study evaluated the comparative accuracy, statistical efficiency and predictive reliability of three field sampling protocols for cotton yield estimation under actual farming conditions. Primary data were collected from 31 commercial cotton plots in Sanglud, Morgaon Sadijan and Ural villages in Akola district, Maharashtra. The evaluated methods were the 5 x 5 m crop-cut experiment, plant-based estimation at the open-boll stage and area-based quadrat sampling, assessed across the first and second picking phases. Predictive performance was compared with ground-truth harvested yields using mean actual yield, percentage error, standard deviation and root mean square error (RMSE). The 5 x 5 m crop-cut method showed the closest agreement with actual yield, with low dispersion (s = 2.37) and RMSE (1.24), producing a +5.97% error in the first picking and a -0.29% error in the second picking. The plant-based method overestimated yield by +73.60% in the first picking and underestimated by -31.20% in the second picking, reflecting selection bias and late-season boll attrition. Quadrat sampling showed persistent overestimation (+18.30% and +30.40%; s = 3.73). The findings support the 5 x 5 m crop-cut protocol as the most reliable approach among the methods evaluated.

Combining Ability in Diallel Crosses Involving Maize (Zea mays L.) S1/S9 Lines

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines were evaluated for combining ability using a half-diallel mating design. The parental lines were crossed to generate 66 F₁ hybrids, which were assessed along with their parents and a standard check across two environments in a randomised complete block design with two replications. Data were recorded for days to tasselling, days to silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, number of ears per plant, cob length, cob diameter, kernel rows per cob, kernels per row, 100-grain weight, grain yield per hectare, shelling percentage and protein percentage. Pooled analysis of variance revealed significant environmental effects for all studied traits, indicating the influence of testing locations on trait expression. Significant variation among genotypes, parents, hybrids and parent-versus-hybrid contrasts indicated substantial genetic variability in the experimental material. Combining ability analysis revealed significant general combining ability and specific combining ability effects for most traits, suggesting the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene action. Dominance variance was generally higher than additive variance, indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action for most traits. Among the parents, KDM-926B, KDM-895A and V-351 showed desirable general combining ability for earliness-related traits, whereas KDM-926B, KDM-914A, KDM-340A and V-351 were identified as useful general combiners for grain yield and related traits. Several cross combinations expressed desirable specific combining ability effects for yield and component traits. The results indicate that the evaluated germplasm contains useful parental lines and cross combinations for maize hybrid breeding programmes.

Morphological Characterisation of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop with appreciable diversity in plant, floral and fruit traits. Morphological characterisation using standard descriptors is necessary for varietal identification, germplasm conservation and parent selection. The present study characterised 20 brinjal genotypes during the rabi season of 2024–25 at Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University, College of Horticulture, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad. The genotypes were evaluated using 36 morphological descriptors based on PPV&FRA guidelines, and observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants from each genotype. Disease and pest responses were also assessed for Fusarium wilt and shoot and fruit borer incidence. The evaluated genotypes showed considerable variation in vegetative, floral and fruit characters. All genotypes expressed green leaf blade colour, whereas leaf pubescence varied from sparse to dense. Most genotypes had a semi-spreading growth habit, while Pusa Hara Baigan exhibited a spreading habit, and Pusa Purple Long and Bhagyamathi showed an erect habit. Fruit traits displayed marked variability, including differences in fruit growth pattern, apex shape, skin colour, stripes, calyx spininess and pedicle prickles. Fruit length ranged from 4.20 cm in IC-090031 to 14.00 cm in IC-104076. Reproductive variation was also observed, with the number of flowers per inflorescence ranging from 3 to 11. Fusarium wilt incidence varied from 2.40% to 38.90%, while shoot and fruit borer incidence ranged from 2.90% to 35.60%. IC-354525 and IC-354511 recorded comparatively lower incidence for both constraints. The observed diversity may support varietal identification and provide useful material for future brinjal breeding programmes.

Identification of Elite Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Lines with Durable Bacterial Blight Resistance through Phenotypic and Molecular Approaches

A. Mahveen, A. Srijan, G. Seshu, Y. Hari — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bacterial leaf blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is an important disease of rice that can substantially reduce crop performance under favourable disease conditions. The present study was conducted to identify elite rice lines resistant to bacterial leaf blight using phenotypic evaluation supported by molecular marker analysis. Thirty elite rice lines, together with the resistant check Improved Samba Mahsuri and the susceptible check TN-1, were evaluated under field conditions at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, during Kharif, 2025. Artificial inoculation was performed using the leaf-clipping method, and disease reaction was recorded 15 days after inoculation according to the IRRI Standard Evaluation System. Molecular screening was performed using the pTa248 marker linked to the Xa21 resistance gene and the xa13 promoter marker linked to the xa13 resistance gene. Phenotypic screening showed that three lines, WG-GP-375, WG-GP-377 and WG-GP-378, exhibited a highly resistant reaction, while WG-GP-376 showed a resistant reaction. Eight lines were moderately susceptible, fifteen were susceptible and three were highly susceptible. Molecular analysis detected the Xa21 resistance allele in all four phenotypically resistant lines, whereas the xa13 resistance allele was detected in WG-GP-375, WG-GP-377 and WG-GP-378. The combined phenotypic and molecular assessment identified WG-GP-375, WG-GP-376, WG-GP-377 and WG-GP-378 as useful sources of bacterial leaf blight resistance. These lines may be considered for further validation and use in rice breeding programmes aimed at improving resistance to bacterial leaf blight.

Genetic Divergent Studies in Black Turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) Genotypes

A.B. Mohan Kumar, H. P. Rajath, G. S. Yogesh, B. Pompanagouda, M. K. Shruthi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) is a medicinally important, vegetatively propagated species for which systematic assessment of genetic divergence is useful for conservation and crop improvement. The present study assessed the genetic divergence of 33 black turmeric genotypes collected from different provenances of India. The genotypes were evaluated at ICAR-KVK Chamarajanagar, Karnataka, during 2018–19 and 2019–20 in a randomised block design with three replications. Twenty-two vegetative and yield-related characters were analysed using Mahalanobis D² statistics and Tocher’s clustering method. Fresh rhizome yield per plant contributed the highest proportion to genetic diversity (40.72%), followed by fresh weight of roots per clump (34.85%), length of primary fingers (6.63%), leaf area per plant at 180 DAS (5.87%), girth of mother rhizome (3.22%), length of mother rhizome (2.46%) and girth of primary rhizome (1.33%). The 33 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters, and clustering was independent of geographical origin. Comparatively high intra-cluster distances were observed in clusters VII and IV, indicating scope for selection within these clusters. The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between clusters V and VIII (173.67), followed by clusters I and V (D² = 105.35). Cluster mean analysis indicated that cluster V, containing GKM-2, GKB-3 and GKJ-5, was superior for vegetative and yield traits and may be useful for further improvement programmes.

Utilization of Air-classified Horse Gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) Fractions for the Development of Nutritionally Tailored Composite Flour Mixes

Nagam Deepika Reddy, Aparna Kuna, B. Anila Kumari, K. Lakshmiprasanna — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), an underutilised climate-resilient legume, was processed by air classification to obtain a protein-rich fine fraction (PRFHG) and a starch-rich coarse fraction (SRFHG) for the development of nutritionally tailored composite flour mixes. Cleaned, soaked, dried, roasted and milled horse gram flour was air-classified using an ATP-50 classifier operating at 7000 rpm and a feed rate of 0.3 kg h⁻¹. From 4.35 kg of feed material, PRFHG and SRFHG were recovered at 64.37% and 29.89%, respectively, resulting in an overall recovery of 94.25%. The fractions were incorporated at 10-50% levels into roti, pancake, porridge and pudding formulations and evaluated for sensory acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale (n = 15) and for proximate composition using standard AOAC and IS methods. Roti containing 50% PRFHG exhibited the highest acceptability among protein-enriched products and showed a substantial increase in protein content from 10.58% to 26.84%, accompanied by reductions in carbohydrate and starch contents. Pancake containing 10% PRFHG achieved optimum sensory acceptance, with protein increasing from 9.48% to 12.96%. Among starch-enriched products, porridge containing 50% SRFHG and pudding containing 40% SRFHG recorded the highest sensory acceptability, with starch content increasing from 39.45% to 44.99% and from 44.73% to 54.49%, respectively. The findings indicate that air classification can generate nutritionally distinct horse gram fractions for developing protein-enriched and energy-dense food products with acceptable sensory quality, thereby supporting the value addition of underutilised legumes and the development of nutrient-dense functional foods.

Field-Based Estimation of Non-Genetic Influences on Pre- and Post-Weaning Average Daily Weight Gain in Sangamneri Goats

V. R. Dhangada, U. S. Gaikwad, D. K. Deokar, S. A. Dhage — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated the effects of major non-genetic factors on pre- and post-weaning average daily weight gain in Sangamneri goats maintained under field conditions in Maharashtra, India. Records from 14,505 kids maintained under the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Goat Improvement at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, were analysed. The traits considered were pre-weaning average daily weight gain (PADWG) and post-weaning average daily weight gain (POADWG). The fixed effects included period of kidding (2005–2010, 2011–2015 and 2016–2020), season of kidding (rainy, winter and summer), sex of kid, type of birth and cluster. Data were analysed using least-squares analysis of variance, and significant differences among subclass means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The overall least-squares mean for PADWG was 0.128 ± 0.001 kg/day, while POADWG was 0.066 ± 0.001 kg/day. All non-genetic factors had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on PADWG. POADWG was significantly affected by period of kidding, sex of kid, type of birth and cluster, whereas the effect of season of kidding was non-significant (P>0.05). Kids born during 2016–2020 showed the highest PADWG (0.167 ± 0.001 kg/day), while those born during 2011–2015 had the highest POADWG (0.071 ± 0.001 kg/day). Male kids, singleton births and kids in the Rahuri cluster showed higher pre-weaning gains, whereas twins and triplets and kids in the Belha cluster showed higher post-weaning gains. The findings indicate that adjustment for identified non-genetic factors is important when evaluating growth records and planning selection or management strategies for Sangamneri goats under field conditions within the studied production system.

Effect of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes and Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) Shell Powder on in Vitro Degradability Studies in Gir Calves

Neha D. Karmakar, D. D. Garg, V. K. Singh, Tapas K. Patbandha, J. A. Chavda — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ruminant productivity is often constrained by the low digestibility of fibrous feed resources, primarily because of limited ruminal fibrolytic activity and the high lignocellulosic content of forages. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase and xylanase; EFE) and soapnut shell powder (SSP), alone and in combination. The substrate was prepared using groundnut haulm as roughage and BIS Type-I compound cattle feed as concentrate in a 60:40 ratio. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase + xylanase) were used at 0, 25,000, 50,000, 1,00,000, and 2,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate, and soapnut shell powder was used at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1% of concentrate. Using these levels of EFE and SSP, twenty-five combinations were prepared for in vitro studies. The substrates with different levels of EFE and SSP were incubated for 24 hours to evaluate in vitro total gas production (IVTGP), truly degradable organic matter in rumen (TDOMR), microbial biomass production (MBP), efficiency of microbial production (EMP), and partitioning factor (PF). The analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) effect of EFE at 50,000 IU/kg of concentrate (20.5 ± 0.50 ml/200 mg) and SSP at 0.5% of concentrate (21.0 ± 1.00 ml/200 mg), and the combination also showed a significantly (p < 0.01) higher value (22.5 ± 0.50 ml/200 mg) at the same levels. Supplementation with EFE at 50,000 IU/kg (61.15 ± 1.26) and 1,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate (60.34 ± 1.41) produced significantly (p < 0.01) higher TDOMR values. MBP was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the group supplemented with EFE at 1,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate (24.92 ± 3.97). No significant effect of EFE and SSP supplementation was found on EMP. PF was significant (p < 0.05) in the EFE group at 1,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate (3.89 ± 0.41), SSP at 0.2% of concentrate (3.87 ± 0.49), and the combination group of EFE and SSP at 1,00,000 IU/kg concentrate and 0.2% level (5.39 ± 0.58). Therefore, incorporation of EFE and SSP, alone and in combination, at 50,000 IU/kg and 0.5% of concentrate increased in vitro total gas production and substrate degradability. TDOMR was greatest at 50,000 IU/kg and 1,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate, while 1,00,000 IU/kg of concentrate increased microbial biomass production. Based on gas production and organic matter degradability, these levels were selected for further in vivo studies in Gir calves.

Shelf-life and Acceptability of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruits Produced Over Three Planting Regimes and Coated with Piper guineense Extracts

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Postharvest deterioration reduces the marketability and consumption quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits where low-cost storage options are required. This study evaluated aqueous extracts of white and black Piper guineense as postharvest coatings for shelf-life and acceptability of cucumber fruits produced under three planting regimes: December 2023 to February 2024, April to June 2024, and September to November 2024. Fruits harvested at horticultural maturity were assigned to three treatments: uncoated control, white Piper guineense extract, and black Piper guineense extract. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design with three replicates. Fruit colour, texture, and sensory properties were assessed at two-day intervals for 14 days during storage. Taste acceptability was evaluated for coated fruits that were washed, peeled, or left unwashed before consumption, and alkaloid content was determined in the white and black Piper guineense samples. Coated fruits generally retained desirable colour, texture, and sensory properties for longer than uncoated fruits. Black Piper guineense extract was more effective than white Piper guineense extract in delaying visible deterioration. Across planting regimes, colour change was delayed in coated fruits relative to the uncoated control, with black Piper guineense providing the longest delay. Alkaloid content was higher in black Piper guineense (7.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g) than in white Piper guineense (4.5 ± 0.5 g/100 g). Washed or peeled coated fruits were generally rated as having normal taste. These findings indicate that Piper guineense extracts, particularly black Piper guineense, may provide a low-cost coating for maintaining cucumber quality during short-term storage.

Enhancing Soil Moisture Conservation and Castor Productivity through Conservation Tillage and Legume Intercropping in Southern Telangana Zone

R. Sai Mithra, G. Suresh, K. Bhanu Rekha, A. Aziz Qureshi — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2021-22 at the Narkhoda research farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to evaluate the influence of tillage practices and legume intercropping systems on soil moisture conservation, growth, yield and economics of castor under rainfed conditions in the Southern Telangana Zone. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three tillage practices, namely conventional tillage, reduced tillage and zero tillage, as main-plot treatments, and four cropping systems, namely sole castor, castor + redgram, castor + greengram and castor + groundnut, as sub-plot treatments. Reduced tillage produced seed yield statistically on par with conventional tillage, which recorded the highest yield. Among cropping systems, sole castor resulted in the highest seed yield, while the lowest was recorded in castor + redgram; the latter used a replacement series, limiting castor and redgram to 50% population. However, castor + redgram achieved the highest B:C ratio, reflecting the higher sale price of redgram compared with greengram and groundnut, while reduced tillage resulted in the highest B:C ratio due to reduced cultivation cost and substantial seed yield. During the off-season, reduced tillage conserved soil moisture most effectively, followed by zero tillage, with conventional tillage conserving the least. These results indicate that reduced tillage combined with castor + redgram is a viable alternative to conventional tillage and sole cropping for sustaining castor productivity, conserving soil moisture and improving economic efficiency under rainfed conditions in the Southern Telangana Zone.

Analysis of the Generation Mean for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated genetic parameters associated with yield and its contributing traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through generation mean analysis. Five generations, namely P1, P2, F1, F2 and F3, developed from four crosses involving NVSR 2565, NVSR 2272, Devli Kolam and Dhanhar Black, were assessed under upland conditions during Kharif 2024. The experiment was laid out in a compact family block design with three replications. Data were recorded for thirteen traits, encompassing phenological attributes, yield and yield-related characters, and grain-quality parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among generations for all the traits across the four crosses, indicating the existence of sufficient genetic variability and justifying further genetic analysis. The C and D scaling tests confirmed the presence of epistatic interactions, suggesting that the simple additive–dominance model was inadequate for explaining the inheritance of several traits. Under the five-parameter model, mean, additive, dominance, additive × additive and dominance × dominance effects were found to be simultaneously significant for selected traits, including plant height in cross I, productive tillers per plant in crosses I and II, panicle length in cross IV, kernel breadth in cross I and 100-grain weight in cross I. Duplicate epistasis was predominant for several traits and cross combinations, while complementary epistasis was also observed in specific cases. Overall, the findings demonstrate the involvement of both fixable and non-fixable gene effects in the inheritance of yield and associated traits. Therefore, appropriate breeding strategies should be adopted according to the trait- and cross-specific genetic architecture to achieve effective improvement in upland rice.

Exploiting Variability and Inter-trait Association among Yield and Quality Traits in Pole Type French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important leguminous vegetable crop valued for its digestible protein and tender green pods. The present investigation evaluated 125 pole-type French bean genotypes during the Rabi season of 2021-22 at the College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, Karnataka, to assess variability, inter-trait association and direct effects of component traits on pod yield. Twenty-four growth, yield and pod quality traits were recorded and analysed. Considerable variability was observed for most characters, indicating substantial diversity among the evaluated genotypes. Phenotypic coefficients of variation were slightly higher than genotypic coefficients of variation for most traits, suggesting a limited environmental influence under protected cultivation. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was reported for days to first harvest, pod length, pod width and total soluble solids. Pod yield per plant showed its strongest significant positive association with average number of pods per plant (0.842), followed by average pod weight (0.632) and pod length (0.632), whereas it showed significant negative associations with fibre content (-0.275) and pod width (-0.391). Path-coefficient analysis indicated positive direct effects of number of pods per plant (0.580), pod length (0.307) and average pod weight (0.187) on pod yield per plant. These traits may be useful selection criteria for improving pod yield in pole-type French bean.

Determination of the Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Profile of Gundelia tournefortii L. Collected from Different Locations in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye

Savaş DEMIR, Mehmet Salih KAÇMAZ, Zehra EKİN, İrfan İNAN, Sibel ERDOĞAN — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the nutritional composition and phytochemical characteristics of Gundelia tournefortii L. collected from six locations in Hakkâri Province, Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Plant materials were collected during April and May 2024 from Otluca Village, Depin, Yufkalı Village, Karabey Village, Sılo Plateau, and Eskikoçyiğit Village. Samples were analysed for dry matter, ash, crude fat, crude protein, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. Significant location-based differences were observed for all examined traits. Fresh dry matter content ranged from 7.54% in Otluca Village to 11.68% in Karabey Village, while crude protein varied from 25.03% to 27.77%. Acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre ranged from 27.30% to 31.42% and from 37.86% to 43.40%, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged from 23.85 to 45.66 mg GAE g⁻¹, and antioxidant capacity ranged from 6.28 to 10.51 μmol TE g⁻¹. Karabey Village samples showed the highest fresh dry matter, ash, and crude fat contents, whereas Otluca Village samples had the highest crude protein, acid detergent fibre, and neutral detergent fibre contents. Sılo Plateau samples showed the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis explained 91.24% of the total variance, and correlation analysis indicated a strong positive association between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The findings show that the nutritional and phytochemical properties of G. tournefortii vary by collection location.

Biostimulatory Role of Seaweed Extract and Potassium Silicate in Enhancing Yield and Quality Traits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Camarosa under Semi-Arid Punjab Conditions

Jagmohan Singh, Lakhwinder Singh, Krishan Kumar Singh, Deepak Kumar Pathak — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during 2025-26 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, to evaluate the effects of foliar-applied seaweed extract and potassium silicate on the growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Camarosa. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with eight treatments and three replications. Treatments included water spray, seaweed extract at 10, 20 and 50 g per 3 L, potassium silicate at 20 g per 3 L, and their combinations. Four foliar sprays were applied at 20-day intervals beginning 20 days after planting. The combined application of seaweed extract at 50 g with potassium silicate at 20 g per 3 L produced the strongest overall response among the treatments. It recorded maximum plant height (25.16 cm), plant spread in the N-S (30.01 cm) and E-W (31.01 cm) directions, number of leaves per plant (25.00), leaf area (73.57 cm²), number of flowers per plant (26.73), total sugars (7.86%), reducing sugars (4.85%), total phenols (69.10 mg 100 g⁻¹), ascorbic acid (54.35 mg 100 g⁻¹) and yield per plant (452.38 g), with the lowest titratable acidity (0.633%). The results indicate that combined foliar application of seaweed extract and potassium silicate may improve growth, yield-related traits and fruit quality of strawberry cv. Camarosa under comparable semi-arid field conditions.

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water and Sediment Quality in the Sasihithlu Mangrove Ecosystem

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mangrove ecosystems are ecologically important coastal habitats that are influenced by seasonal changes in hydrology, sediment characteristics and vegetation composition. The present study assessed the spatiotemporal variations in water and sediment quality and documented mangrove diversity in the Sasihithlu mangrove region, Mangaluru, Karnataka. Monthly sampling was conducted at five stations from October 2024 to September 2025. Surface water was analysed for air and water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, nutrients and chlorophyll-a. Sediment samples were analysed for temperature, pH, organic carbon and textural composition, while mangrove flora was recorded using morphological observations. Rainfall showed clear seasonal variability, with a total of 4423.9 mm during the study period. Water temperature ranged from 26.8 to 32.5°C, pH from 6.5 to 8.3, salinity from 7.0 to 33.0 PSU, dissolved oxygen from 4.01 to 7.64 mg/L, BOD from 0.97 to 3.99 mg/L and COD from 20.76 to 70.02 mg/L. Nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll-a also varied across months and stations. Sediment temperature ranged from 26.0 to 32.8°C, sediment pH from 6.1 to 8.1 and organic carbon from 0.60% to 3.24%. The sediment was dominated by silt, followed by sand and clay. Six true mangrove species and four mangrove-associated species were recorded, with Rhizophora mucronata as the dominant species. Diversity indices indicated moderate diversity, with Shannon-Wiener values ranging from 1.70 to 1.86, Simpson values from 0.45 to 0.72, evenness from 0.85 to 0.93 and richness from 0.06 to 0.14. The findings indicate seasonal variation in water and sediment conditions and provide baseline information for continued monitoring of the Sasihithlu mangrove ecosystem.

Growth Dynamics and Morphological Responses of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn to Compost Granules and Biodynamic Formulations under Semi-Arid Conditions of Southern Rajasthan, India

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation was conducted during 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Horticulture Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effects of compost granules and biodynamic formulations on the vegetative growth and morphological attributes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn under semi-arid conditions. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with sixteen treatment combinations and three replications. Four compost granule treatments, comprising combinations of vermicompost, enriched compost and NADEP compost, were assigned to the main plots, while biodynamic preparations BD-500 and BD-501 were allocated to the sub-plots. Growth parameters, including the number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width and plant height, were recorded at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting (DAT). The results indicated that the integrated application of compost granules significantly influenced all vegetative growth attributes. The treatment comprising equal proportions of vermicompost, enriched compost and NADEP compost recorded the highest values for all growth parameters compared with the control. Similarly, the combined application of BD-500 and BD-501 resulted in better vegetative performance than the individual biodynamic treatments and the control. The improvement in growth parameters may be associated with enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil organic matter content and better nutrient-use efficiency under organic amendments. Biodynamic formulations may also have contributed to improved plant physiological activity and soil–plant interactions. The study suggests that the integrated use of compost granules and biodynamic preparations can improve vegetative growth and crop establishment in strawberry under semi-arid conditions. These findings support the potential of organic nutrient management strategies for sustainable strawberry production while maintaining soil health and ecological balance.

Effect of in ovo Feeding and Supplementation of Inorganic and Nano Zinc on Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In ovo feeding of zinc is a novel method to elicit growth performance and immunity in broilers. However, studies on in ovo feeding vis-à-vis dietary supplementation of zinc in broilers are limited. The present study evaluated the effects of in ovo feeding and supplementation of nano Zn and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on physiological and growth performance parameters in broiler chickens from 0 to 6 weeks of age. We also aimed to investigate cloacal temperature (CT), body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Fertile eggs were injected with ZnSO₄ or nano Zn, followed by post-hatch supplementation through water. Results revealed that in ovo nano Zn significantly lowered CT during the 1^st and 6^th week of age, with reductions also observed during 4–6 weeks through Zn water supplementation. While nano Zn- fed chicks had significantly lower day-old weights, dietary Zn supplementation improved BW and BWG from the 1st week onward, with significant increases during 3–6 weeks. FI was significantly higher for nano Zn-supplemented birds in the 1^st and 2^nd week of age and FCR improved significantly as well as feed cost per kilogram body weight gain was significantly lower during 4^th and 6^th week of age. In ovo and zinc supplementation enhanced growth performance, improved feed conversion ratio and lowered feed cost per kilogram body weight gain in broilers highlighting the potential of nano Zn and ZnSO₄ as effective tools for optimizing poultry production.

Enhancement of Vase Life and Biochemical Stability of Spathoglottis plicata Using Low-Cost Preservative Solutions

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of different low-cost vase solutions on the postharvest performance of Spathoglottis plicata inflorescences under tropical ambient conditions. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. Vase life, physiological loss in weight (PLW), decay loss and biochemical attributes, including total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC), were evaluated at 5-day intervals. Significant differences were observed among treatments for all parameters. The maximum vase life (20 days) was recorded in T2, followed by T3 (18 days), T5 (16 days) and T4 (14 days), whereas the minimum was observed in T1 (8 days). T2 also showed the lowest PLW (5.8% at day 5) and decay loss (2.5% at day 5), indicating improved water relations and reduced microbial deterioration. Biochemical analysis revealed that T2 maintained higher levels of anthocyanins (28.4 to 19.1 mg/100 g), phenolics (10.5 to 7.1 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (7.6 to 5.2 mg QE/g) and tannins (3.8 to 2.4 g EC/100 g DM) throughout vase life, suggesting enhanced metabolic stability and delayed senescence. The improved performance of T2 may be attributed to the combined effects of carbohydrates, acidifying agents and antimicrobial compounds in maintaining water uptake, reducing oxidative stress and preserving cellular integrity. The study concludes that low-cost preservative solutions can effectively enhance the postharvest quality and longevity of Spathoglottis plicata, indicating its potential as a cut flower for commercial utilisation under tropical conditions.

Differential Sperm Kinematic and Functional attributes in High- and Low-Fertility Indigenous Cattle Bulls: A Comparative Analysis

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate prediction of bull fertility remains challenging because conventional semen evaluation may not fully reflect the functional competence of spermatozoa. This study evaluated the association between sperm kinematic and functional attributes and fertility in indigenous Sahiwal breeding bulls. Cryopreserved semen straws from 12 bulls with recorded field conception rates were analysed. After correction for non-genetic factors, bulls were classified as high-fertility (n = 6; mean CR = 53.65%) or low-fertility (n = 6; mean CR = 34.79%). Sperm kinematics were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis, and DNA fragmentation was evaluated using sperm chromatin structure assay-related assessment, while functional attributes were assessed using flow cytometry. High-fertility bulls showed higher total motility, progressive motility, straightness, linearity, wobble and beat-cross frequency, with total motility and wobble differing significantly between fertility groups. Among functional attributes, viable spermatozoa, live calcium-negative spermatozoa and live acrosome-intact spermatozoa were higher in high-fertility bulls, whereas low-fertility bulls showed higher dead spermatozoa, dead acrosome-reacted spermatozoa and DNA fragmentation index. Correlation analysis indicated that total motility, LIVE (%), LAI (%), LIVE Ca⁻Ve (%) and DFI (%) were among the clearest fertility-associated measures. The findings indicate that a combined evaluation of sperm kinematics, viability, membrane status, acrosomal status, calcium status and chromatin integrity may provide a more informative assessment of cryopreserved Sahiwal bull semen than conventional evaluation alone.

Identification and Registration of a High-yielding Genotype of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (CHNBT-1) through Station Trials, Multilocation Trials and Farm Trials

A. B. Mohan Kumar, G. S. Yogesh, B. Pompanagouda, H. P. Rajath — Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Curcuma caesia Roxb. is an important medicinal plant valued for its rhizomes and essential oil, and its conservation through sustainable cultivation requires the identification of productive genotypes. The present study evaluated 33 genotypes collected from different regions of India and adjoining areas of Nepal to identify and register a high-yielding genotype. Initial selection trials were conducted for three years during 2016–2018. Based on agronomic performance, selected genotypes were further assessed through station trials during 2019–2024, multilocation trials during 2022–2023 and farm trials during 2023–2024, using BR Hills local black turmeric as the check. The evaluation included morphological, yield-related and quality traits, with emphasis on fresh rhizome yield, dry recovery and essential oil content. CHNBT-1 showed consistently superior performance across evaluation stages. In station trials, it recorded a mean fresh rhizome yield of 10.04 t/ha compared with 5.68 t/ha in the check. In multilocation trials, CHNBT-1 recorded 11.98 t/ha compared with 6.69 t/ha in the check, while farm trials recorded 7.61 t/ha compared with 5.88 t/ha in the check. Overall, CHNBT-1 recorded 9.68 t/ha, representing a 62.68% higher yield than the check. The genotype also recorded 20.05% dry recovery and 0.60% essential oil content. CHNBT-1 was registered with ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, under Registration No. IC-0653069. The genotype may support black turmeric cultivation and contribute to conservation through field-based production.

Evaluation of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab Expression and Refugia Proportions in Bt Cotton (BG-II) Using ELISA

Mamta Kamboj, Karmal Singh Malik, Sandeep Kumar, Geeta Devi, Amit Sharma — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins has become an important strategy for effective insect pest management and enhanced crop productivity. The present study evaluated 40 commercially available Bt cotton (BG-II) hybrids for Cry protein expression and refugia proportions using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Qualitative ELISA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins in cotton leaf tissues. The percentage of non-Bt plants (refugia) among hybrids ranged from 0.0 to 11.9%, indicating considerable variation in compliance with the recommended 5-10% refugia requirement. Several hybrids were below the prescribed refugia limit, while one hybrid exceeded the upper permissible limit. Seed cotton yield among hybrids varied from 1911 to 3813 kg/ha, with significant variability also observed for boll number, boll weight, lint yield, and phenological traits. Statistical analysis revealed substantial differences among hybrids for agronomic and quality traits, indicating the presence of considerable genetic variability. The findings demonstrate that ELISA is an efficient and reliable tool for routine monitoring of Bt protein expression and verification of refugia proportions in Bt cotton hybrids. This study supports regulatory compliance, quality assurance, and sustainable resistance-management strategies in transgenic cotton cultivation.

Impact of Social Housing Systems on Cognitive Behavioral Responses of Murrah Calves

Anjali Arya, Subhasish Sahu, Devender Singh Bidhan, P. V. Godbole — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Individual housing and early separation from the dam are common management practices in dairy calf rearing, but limited social contact may influence behavioural development and cognitive performance. This study evaluated the effect of pre-weaning social housing on cognitive behavioural responses in Murrah calves under Indian buffalo-management conditions. Eighteen healthy Murrah buffalo calves, aged 6 days, were randomly allocated to individual, pair or group housing, with six calves per treatment. From 3 weeks of age, calves were habituated to a T-maze and subsequently tested using colour discrimination and reversal-learning tasks. In the initial discrimination task, calves were trained to associate a white visual cue with a milk reward until they achieved at least 10 correct responses out of 12 trials across 3 consecutive sessions. In the reversal-learning phase, the reward contingency was changed, and calves were trained until they met the same response threshold across 7 consecutive sessions. Housing system significantly affected the number of sessions required to reach criterion. Individually housed calves required more sessions than group-housed calves during initial learning and more sessions than both pair- and group-housed calves during reversal learning. Pair- and group-housed calves showed comparable performance. These findings indicate that early social housing was associated with improved learning efficiency and behavioural flexibility in Murrah calves, whereas individual housing was associated with poorer cognitive performance.

Milk Yield, Reproductive Performance and Milk Composition Across Crossbreeding Levels in Dairy Cows from the Peri-Urban Area of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The milk production and reproductive performance of crossbred cows under tropical conditions in the peri-urban area of Ouagadougou were assessed in two phases from February to December 2023. The first phase comprised interviews with 60 dairy farmers to evaluate the reproductive and dairy performance of crossbred cows. The second phase was a field trial at a research station to evaluate the effects of crossbreeding levels, including first (F1/G1) and second (F2/G2) generations, on dairy performance and milk chemical composition. The animals were crossbreeds obtained through progressive absorption crossing between local zebu breeds (Fulani, Goudali and Azawak) and exotic dairy breeds (Montbeliarde, Holstein, Brown Swiss and Tarentaise). All producers reported that the crossbred cows had adapted to local climatic conditions, and 76.66% of farms practiced controlled breeding through artificial insemination. F1 crossbred cows produced mean yields of 5.70 ± 0.75, 6.23 ± 0.87 and 8.80 ± 0.80 L/day for Montbeliarde, Brown Swiss and Holstein crosses, respectively. Mean milk yields for G2 cows ranged from 7.15 ± 0.98 to 13.82 ± 1.41 L/day. A comparative analysis during the first six months postpartum showed lower milk production in G2 crossbreeds with 75% Brown Swiss blood than in second-generation crossbreeds with 75% Montbeliarde and 75% Holstein blood. According to live weight, mean daily milk production was 7.67 ± 1.19, 11.65 ± 0.91 and 11.55 ± 0.95 L for heavier cows [450–550 kg [, [350–450 kg [ and lighter cows [250–350 kg [, respectively (p < 0.001). Protein, fat and total dry matter contents did not vary significantly by cross type. However, lactose content increased significantly between the first and second generations, with values of 4.42 ± 0.16 and 5.16 ± 0.40 for Brown Swiss, 4.35 ± 0.58 and 4.99 ± 0.51 for Montbeliarde, and 4.16 ± 0.11 and 5.36 ± 0.41 for Holstein. Overall, G2 crossbreeds, especially those with 75% Holstein and Montbeliarde blood, achieved the highest milk yields without adverse effects on milk composition. These results support controlled crossbreeding and artificial insemination as strategies for improving dairy productivity in Burkina Faso.

Efficacy of Fungicides, Inducing Biochemical Defense and Role of Weather Parameters on Development of Cucumber Powdery Mildew

Aditi A. Joshi, R. K. Jaiman, Shubham V. Patel, Suresh Kumar, Kavita M. Pujari — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cucurbit powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Schltdl.) U. Braun & S. Takam., is a serious threat to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production worldwide and can cause 50-70% yield losses in affected environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of systemic fungicides for managing powdery mildew. The systemic fungicides propiconazole, azoxystrobin, pyroclostrobin, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and hexaconazole were applied at disease onset, and the subsequent spray was administered at a 10-day interval. The significantly lowest powdery mildew per cent disease intensity and the highest per cent disease reduction over the control (30.54 and 56.07, respectively), maximum fruit yield (152.64 q/ha) and lowest AUDPC (582.29) were recorded with propiconazole 25% EC, which was statistically comparable to azoxystrobin 23% SC (34.18 PDI, 50.84% disease reduction over the control, 151.30 q/ha yield and 637.23 AUDPC). All treatments were effective in enhancing and sustaining chlorophyll content, indicating improved photosynthetic efficiency. Compared with the control, all treatments exhibited higher peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and chitinase activities. Powdery mildew was observed in the 37th SMW with a PDI of 9.86% and peaked in the 41st SMW with 76.26% PDI. Powdery mildew showed positive correlations with maximum temperature and sunshine hours, and negative correlations with minimum temperature, morning humidity, evening humidity and rainfall.

Assessment of Heterosis for Grain Yield and Yield-attributing Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation assessed standard heterosis for grain yield and yield-attributing traits in maize hybrids. Twenty maize inbred lines were used as female parents, and two broad-based testers, LM-13 and LM-14, were used as male parents. These parents were crossed in a line × tester mating design during Rabi 2022–23 to generate 40 hybrids. The hybrids, along with the standard checks Karimnagar Makka and Kaveri Ekka, were evaluated during Kharif 2023 at the Agricultural Research Station, Karimnagar, Telangana, using a randomised block design with two replications. Observations were recorded for 12 morpho-physiological traits, namely days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, test weight, shelling percentage and grain yield. Standard heterosis was estimated over both checks. Negative heterosis for flowering and maturity traits was considered desirable for earliness, whereas positive heterosis was considered desirable for grain yield and most yield-attributing traits. Several hybrids showed desirable heterosis for earliness and selected agronomic traits. For grain yield, KML-132 × LM-14 recorded the highest standard heterosis, with 18.48% over Karimnagar Makka and 11.48% over Kaveri Ekka. KML-132 × LM-13 and KML-127 × LM-13 also showed positive standard heterosis for grain yield over both checks. Further multilocation and multi-season evaluation is required to confirm the stability and breeding value of these hybrids.

Effect of Phosphorus Levels and Trichoderma longibrachiatum on Yield Performance and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at the Crop Research Centre, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, to evaluate the effects of phosphorus levels and methods of Trichoderma longibrachiatum application on soybean yield attributes, yield and seed quality. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Factor A comprised three phosphorus levels: 50, 70 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1, while Factor B comprised four Trichoderma longibrachiatum treatments: control, seed treatment at 10 g kg-1 seed, soil treatment at 1 kg ha-1, and seed treatment at 10 g kg-1 seed combined with soil treatment at 1 kg ha-1. The soil was sandy loam in texture. Among phosphorus levels, 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded the highest values for pods plant-1 (26.33), grains pod-1 (3.80), pod length (4.94 cm), 100-grain weight (11.07 g), seed yield (2142 kg ha-1), straw yield (3201 kg ha-1), biological yield (5343 kg ha-1), protein content (41.4%) and oil content (21.7%). Among the bioinoculant treatments, combined seed and soil application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum recorded the highest pods plant-1 (27.19), grains pod-1 (3.89), pod length (5.08 cm), 100-grain weight (11.21 g), seed yield (2191 kg ha-1), straw yield (3270 kg ha-1), biological yield (5461 kg ha-1), protein content (42.0%) and oil content (21.9%). The results indicate that 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 combined with seed and soil application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum may improve soybean productivity under similar agro-climatic conditions.

Synergistic Effects of Poultry Manure Extract and L-Carnitine on Growth and Mass Production of Moina macrocopa

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Hatchery larviculture depends on live zooplankton, whose supply is limited by costly, inconsistent microalgal culture.

Aims: This study aimed to develop and optimise a low-cost poultry manure extract (PME)-based culture medium for mass production of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa through dose optimisation and L-carnitine enrichment, and to compare its performance with a microalgal control and commercially available plankton-culture products.

Study Design: Completely randomised design (CRD) with triplicate treatments across sequential bench-scale dose-optimisation trials and 50 L outdoor validation trials.

Place and Duration of Study: Live feed and wet laboratories, ICAR–Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India; experimental period of 60 days.

Methodology: PME was formulated from poultry manure, fish waste, rice bran, groundnut cake, soybean meal, and single super phosphate. Seven PME concentrations (1–32 mL/100 mL) were evaluated using newly hatched M. macrocopa neonates, followed by testing six L-carnitine concentrations (0.001–100 mg/100 mL) with the optimal PME dose. The best-performing formulation was validated in 50 L outdoor cultures and compared with a Chlorella vulgaris control and four commercial media (Grow Plus, Nano Colostrum, Unique Liquid Media, and Plankton Booster). Population density, intrinsic rate of increase (r), doubling time, water quality, and PME composition were assessed.

Results: The optimal PME concentration was 3 mL/100 mL, producing a peak density of 4.14 ± 0.32 ind mL⁻¹. Supplementation with 10 mg/100 mL L-carnitine (100 mg L⁻¹) increased density to 5.76 ± 0.26 ind mL⁻¹. In 50 L outdoor culture, PME enriched with 100 mg L⁻¹ L-carnitine achieved the highest density (9.85 ± 0.45 ind mL⁻¹), surpassing PME alone (7.09 ± 0.45 ind mL⁻¹), the C. vulgaris control (4.15 ± 0.27 ind mL⁻¹), and all commercial products. Grow Plus and Unique Liquid Media produced substantially lower densities, while Plankton Booster caused complete mortality.

Conclusion: L-carnitine-enriched PME significantly improved M. macrocopa growth and productivity and offers a cost-effective alternative to conventional microalgal and commercial media for hatchery-scale zooplankton production.

Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on Fruit Quality Attributes of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), an underutilised fruit crop belonging to the family Solanaceae, is valued for its nutraceutical properties and its composition of vitamins, antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Fruit quality and post-harvest performance in cape gooseberry are strongly influenced by nutrient management practices. The present investigation was therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on the quality attributes of cape gooseberry under the agro-climatic conditions of Andhra Pradesh during the winter seasons of 2023–24 and 2024–25 at the College of Horticulture, Dr Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with nine treatments comprising different combinations of inorganic fertilisers, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and biofertilisers (Azotobacter, PSB and KRB). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed among the treatments for fruit firmness, physiological loss in weight (PLW), juice content and total soluble solids (TSS). Among the treatments, T₅ (50% RDN through inorganic fertilisers + 50% organic N through FYM and vermicompost, along with biofertilisers) recorded the highest fruit firmness (5.84 kg cm⁻²) and the lowest PLW (1.67%), whereas T₉ (100% RDN through organic sources, along with biofertilisers) recorded the maximum juice content (77.83%) and the highest TSS (16.48 °Brix). The findings indicate that the integrated application of organic, inorganic and biofertiliser sources improved fruit quality and post-harvest attributes of cape gooseberry under the conditions of the study.

Epidemiological Investigation of Anaplasmosis

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of significant veterinary and economic importance in tropical livestock systems. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anaplasmosis in crossbred cows in and around Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, over a period of twelve months. A total of 100 crossbred cows from the Livestock Farm Complex of the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow, and from private dairy farms in the surrounding area were included in the study, yielding 1,200 animal-observations across the study period. Diagnosis was confirmed through microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. The overall prevalence of anaplasmosis was 15.75%, comprising a clinical prevalence of 4.25% and a subclinical prevalence of 11.50%, with subclinical cases consistently outnumbering clinical cases across all months. The highest monthly clinical incidence was recorded in June (17%), while subclinical cases peaked in May (25%); the lowest rates were observed during December and January. Seasonal analysis revealed that the summer season (March–June) recorded the highest prevalence of both clinical (9.75%) and subclinical (19.25%) cases, a difference that was statistically significant (p = 0.0186). Age-wise analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association (p = 0.039) between age group and disease occurrence, with crossbred cows aged five years or younger exhibiting markedly higher subclinical prevalence (14.69%) compared to older animals (7.59%), while clinical prevalence was comparable between the two groups. Breed-wise analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between crossbred Holstein Friesian and Jersey cows (p = 0.964). Although no statistically significant associations were established between disease prevalence and housing type or hygienic conditions, higher infection rates were consistently observed in animals maintained in kaccha housing and under poor hygienic conditions. These findings underscore the role of environmental and management factors in the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis and highlight the importance of regular surveillance, vector control, and improved husbandry practices for effective disease management in dairy cattle populations.

Weather-mediated Population Dynamics of Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fab.), on Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taub.]

Nisha Choudhary, R.K. Meena, Suman Choudhary — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, to assess the weather-mediated population dynamics of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fab.), on clusterbean during two consecutive Kharif seasons, 2022 and 2023. The crop was raised under field conditions, and larval incidence was recorded weekly from pest appearance until harvest. The incidence of tobacco caterpillar commenced during the third week of August, corresponding to the 33rd standard meteorological week, with 0.04 and 0.12 larvae per plant during 2022 and 2023, respectively. The population reached its peak at 1.92 larvae per plant in the third week of September during 2022 and 1.98 larvae per plant in the second week of September during 2023. Correlation analysis indicated that maximum temperature had a significant positive association with tobacco caterpillar population in both years, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.649 in 2022 and r = 0.592 in 2023. In contrast, minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall showed non-significant associations with larval incidence during both seasons. Multiple regression analysis showed that the selected weather parameters collectively explained 55 per cent and 77 per cent of the variation in tobacco caterpillar population during 2022 and 2023, respectively. Stepwise regression further indicated that maximum temperature alone explained 50 per cent of the variation in 2022 and 35 per cent in 2023.

Effects of Plant Spacing and Harvest Stage on Dry Matter Production, Sennoside Yield of Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) under Arid Conditions

Anurag Saxena, M. M. Azam, Preety Rajkumari, Anand Jejal — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.; syn. Senna alexandrina Mill.) is an important medicinal crop cultivated for its leaves and pods, which are rich in sennosides A and B, the principal anthraquinone glycosides used in pharmaceutical laxative formulations. Optimising agronomic practices that enhance both biomass production and sennoside yield is essential for improving the productivity and profitability of senna cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. A three-year field experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions at the ICAR–Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, India, to evaluate the effects of plant spacing and harvest stage on dry matter production, dry leaf yield, sennoside content, sennoside yield and water-use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, comprising three plant spacings (30 × 30, 45 × 30 and 60 × 30 cm) as main-plot treatments and three harvest stages (pre-flowering, 50% flowering and maturity) as sub-plot treatments. Plant spacing influenced biomass production and sennoside yield. The 45 × 30 cm spacing recorded the highest mean total dry matter yield (1251 kg ha⁻¹), dry leaf yield (705 kg ha⁻¹) and sennoside yield (18.3 kg ha⁻¹). Harvest stage exerted a greater influence on sennoside accumulation than plant spacing. Although harvesting at the pre-flowering stage resulted in the highest mean sennoside concentration (2.78%), harvesting at 50% flowering produced the greatest sennoside yield because of higher leaf biomass. Total crop water use varied little among treatments; however, water-use efficiency was greatest under the combination of 45 × 30 cm spacing and harvesting at 50% flowering. The findings indicate that adopting an intermediate plant spacing together with harvesting at 50% flowering provided the optimum balance between biomass production, phytochemical quality and efficient water use under arid rainfed conditions.

Temporal Incidence of Major Insect Pests in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

R. Bharat Kiran, Y. Srujana, Y. Rajasekhar, S. Ramesh Babu — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study assessed the seasonal incidence of major insect pests of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) and their relationship with selected weather parameters. A 200 m² bulk plot was raised following recommended agronomic practices during the pre-summer season of 2026 at the Agricultural College Farm, Naira, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India. The incidence of leafhoppers, whiteflies, aphids, and fruit and shoot borer was recorded at weekly intervals on randomly selected plants. Fruit and shoot borer damage was quantified as percentage fruit infestation based on the number of damaged fruits relative to the total fruits observed, and pest incidence was correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, and evening relative humidity. Leafhoppers and whiteflies first appeared during the 5th standard meteorological week (SMW), while aphid infestation commenced during the 9th SMW. The peak populations of leafhoppers (15.76 hoppers per three leaves) and whiteflies (12.65 whiteflies per three leaves) were recorded during the 9th SMW, whereas aphids attained their highest population (25.66 aphids per three leaves) during the 11th SMW. Fruit and shoot borer infestation began during the 10th SMW and reached maximum fruit damage of 34.88% during the 12th SMW. Aphid and fruit and shoot borer incidence were positively associated with temperature and negatively associated with relative humidity. The study identified the 9th to 12th SMWs as the main period for monitoring pest occurrence in okra under the study conditions.

Growth and Yield of Wheat as Influenced by Nitrogen Levels and Weed Management Practices under Zero-till Condition

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the influence of nitrogen levels and weed management practices on the growth and yield of wheat cultivated under zero-tillage conditions. Twenty treatment combinations were evaluated in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. The treatments comprised four nitrogen levels (90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹) and five weed management practices: weedy check, hand weeding twice (30 & 60 DAS), clodinafop + metsulfuron, fenoxaprop + metsulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron. Increasing nitrogen from 90 to 180 kg N ha⁻¹ improved growth parameters and grain yield, with the highest grain yield recorded under 180 kg N ha⁻¹ in both years. Effective weed management also improved crop performance. The weedy check recorded higher weed density and dry matter and lower yield, while hand weeding twice produced the highest grain and straw yield. Among the herbicidal treatments, clodinafop + metsulfuron at 60 + 4 g a.i. ha⁻¹ was the most effective in reducing weed density and weed dry matter and produced high grain yield. The findings indicate that adequate nitrogen application combined with effective weed control can improve wheat productivity under zero-till conditions.

Developmental Biology of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on Lentil under Laboratory Conditions

Peruri Vandana, Shankar Lal Sharma, Akther Hussain, Suman Choudhary — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The present investigation was conducted to study the developmental biology of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), on lentil under laboratory conditions.

Study design: The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with five replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Storage Laboratory, Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, from November 2024 to October 2025.

Methodology: Freshly emerged adults (0–24 h old) of C. chinensis were released on lentil seeds for oviposition. Seeds containing freshly laid eggs were kept individually under laboratory conditions maintained at 29 ± 1.5 °C and 75 ± 5 per cent relative humidity. Observations were recorded on the incubation period, egg hatchability, larval and pupal duration, adult emergence, fecundity, adult longevity, sex ratio and total life cycle.

Results: The results showed that the incubation period of C. chinensis on lentil was 4.00 ± 0.32 days, with 67.33 ± 2.49 per cent egg hatchability. The first, second, third and fourth larval instars lasted for 4.20 ± 0.58, 5.20 ± 0.74, 5.50 ± 0.60 and 6.30 ± 0.72 days, respectively, with a total larval duration of 21.20 ± 0.61 days. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 3.80 ± 0.13 and 6.40 ± 0.79 days, respectively. Adult emergence was 53.33 ± 3.36 per cent, and the total developmental period was 36.30 ± 1.16 days. Fecundity was 67.30 ± 4.12 eggs per female, with a female-to-male sex ratio of 1:0.71. Male and female longevity were 9.40 ± 0.58 and 11.60 ± 1.05 days, respectively.

Conclusion: The study of the biology of pulse beetle, C. chinensis, on lentil provides information on its developmental and reproductive behaviour under storage conditions. The findings identify vulnerable stages during the developmental period, which may help determine suitable intervention periods and formulate effective management strategies against this storage pest.

Effect of TNAU Rice Bloom Foliar Application on Fertile Panicle Production and Grain Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

High-temperature and low-light stresses during the reproductive stage are important constraints to panicle development, grain filling and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.), particularly during the Samba season in Tamil Nadu. Field demonstrations were conducted during the Samba season of 2024–2025 in ten farmers' fields across Poondi, Kadambathur, Ellapuram and Tiruvallur blocks of Tiruvallur district to evaluate TNAU Rice Bloom as a foliar crop booster under farmers' field conditions. The rice variety CO 55 was used in all demonstrations. TNAU Rice Bloom was applied at 2 kg acre⁻¹ at the heading stage, followed by a second foliar spray at the same dose ten days after the first application, using 200 L of water acre⁻¹. Treated plots were compared with untreated control plots in terms of grain yield, fertile panicle production and economic returns. Grain yield in the control plots ranged from 5,145 to 5,440 kg ha⁻¹, whereas TNAU Rice Bloom-treated plots recorded 5,985 to 6,158 kg ha⁻¹. Demonstration-wise yield increase ranged from 10.51% to 16.42%. The economic analysis showed higher gross and net returns in the TNAU Rice Bloom treatment than in the control. The mean number of fertile panicles increased from 13.86 panicles hill⁻¹ in the control to 15.89 panicles hill⁻¹ with TNAU Rice Bloom, representing an increase of 14.67%. These findings indicate that foliar application of TNAU Rice Bloom at heading and ten days later may improve fertile panicle production, grain yield and economic returns under the stress-prone rice-growing conditions evaluated in this study.

Physicochemical and Sensory Evaluation of Cookies Supplemented with Protein Isolate from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) By-products

Parmeet Kaur, Vijay Kumar Reddy Surasani, Ajeet Singh — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated fish protein isolate (FPI) recovered from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) frame by-products as a protein-enriching ingredient in cookies. Tilapia frames were processed using the pH-shift method, and the recovered FPI was incorporated into cookie formulations by replacing refined wheat flour at 10%, 20% and 30% levels. The isolate showed a yield of 12.5% and contained 84.23% protein, 4.72% fat, 2.74% ash, 4.48% moisture and 3.83% carbohydrate. FPI incorporation significantly influenced the nutritional and quality attributes of the cookies. Protein content increased from 6.95% in the control to 27.71% in cookies containing 30% isolate, while carbohydrate content decreased from 68.24% to 46.81%. Fat content, ash content, water activity, free fatty acid value, peroxide value and microbial quality remained within the reported acceptable range for the prepared products. FPI incorporation also affected physical characteristics, including thickness, spread ratio, hardness and colour values. Increasing FPI levels reduced cookie hardness and lightness while increasing redness. The water absorption index and water solubility index increased with FPI incorporation, indicating improved hydration and functional properties. Total plate count was not detected immediately after baking, indicating satisfactory microbiological quality. Sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale indicated that cookies containing 20% FPI had the best overall acceptability among the enriched formulations. The findings indicate that tilapia frame-derived FPI can be incorporated into cookies as a value-added ingredient, with 20% inclusion providing a suitable balance between improved protein content and sensory acceptability. However, long-term sensory quality and storage stability require further investigation.

Phenotypic Evaluation of Maize Cultivars for Bacterial Stalk Rot Disease Reaction Caused by Dickeya zeae under Glasshouse Conditions in Telangana, India

G. Sai Kiran, J. Rajendar, B. Mallaiah, SNCVL. Pushpavalli — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Bacterial stalk rot (BSR), caused by Dickeya zeae, is an important bacterial disease of maize, and the identification of resistant germplasm is required for sustainable disease management.

Aims: The present study was conducted to evaluate the phenotypic response of maize lines and commercial hybrids to bacterial stalk rot (BSR), caused by Dickeya zeae, under glasshouse conditions.

Study Design: Completely randomised design experiment.

Place and Duration of Study: Institute of Biotechnology, PJTAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030.

Methodology: Bacterial stalk rot (BSR), caused by Dickeya zeae, is an economically important disease of maize and may cause severe yield losses ranging from 27% to 98%. The cultivation of resistant maize genotypes is considered an effective and sustainable strategy for managing BSR. The present study evaluated the BSR disease reaction of 12 maize cultivars, comprising six lines from the Maize Research Unit, Professor Jayashankar Telangana Agricultural University (PJTAU), six commercially cultivated hybrids and the susceptible check CM 600, under controlled glasshouse conditions. Plants were artificially inoculated with the aggressive D. zeae isolate DZ-KR1 using the hypodermic syringe method at 41 days after sowing. Disease severity was assessed using the 1-9 scale developed by ICAR-IIMR, Ludhiana, and the Percent Disease Index (PDI) was calculated. The experiment included 13 genotypes under two treatments: pathogen inoculation and sterile distilled water control.

Results: All maize lines and private hybrids produced characteristic bacterial stalk rot symptoms, whereas the control plants did not show any symptoms. A 100% disease incidence was observed among all maize lines and hybrids under 80% relative humidity and 32°C temperature conditions within seven days of inoculation. The highest Percent Disease Index was recorded in Syngenta Hybrid NK 30 and the lowest in Pioneer Hybrid 3302, with values ranging from 94.30% to 79.97%, respectively.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that none of the evaluated maize lines or commercial hybrids cultivated in Telangana showed resistance to D. zeae. These findings indicate the need to screen a wider range of maize germplasm to identify novel sources of resistance.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Propagation of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Thunb. in Lowland Tropics

Nguyen Tu Hao Khuong, Pham Hong Diep, Tran Van Minh — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a herbaceous plant with high medicinal value, commonly known as "valuable grass". It grows wild and is widely cultivated in the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam.

Aim: G. pentaphyllum is recognised for its high gypenoside saponin content. This study investigated its growth under lowland tropical conditions and evaluated the saponin content of the propagated plant material.

Methods: In vitro propagation was conducted using tissue culture techniques to produce uniform and disease-free parent plant material.

Results: Four basal media, MS, 1/2MS, WPM and 1/2WPM, were used to culture the initial samples. MS medium was suitable for in vitro culture. MS propagation medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA produced the most favourable results for the number of shoots (1.40), number of nodes (6.60) and number of leaves (34.97). The 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA was suitable for the development of long and healthy roots. The saponin content was 13.13 µg/mg in in vitro plantlets and 14.38 µg/mg in garden-grown plants under tropical conditions.

Conclusion: The findings may support the conservation and pilot-scale propagation of tropical G. pentaphyllum clones.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on the Growth Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2025 at the Agricultural Experimental Field, Department of Agronomy, Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on the growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design (RBD), comprising eight treatments replicated three times, with chickpea variety KWR-108 used as the test crop.The treatments comprised T₁-control, T₂-100% recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), T₃-75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha⁻¹, T₄-75% RDF + vermicompost @ 2 t ha⁻¹, T₅-75% RDF + Rhizobium, T₆-75% RDF + Rhizobium + PSB, T₇-50% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha⁻¹ + Rhizobium + PSB and T₈-FYM @ 5 t ha⁻¹ + Rhizobium + PSB. Observations were recorded for initial and final plant population, plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant and number of root nodules per plant. Significant differences were observed among the treatments for all growth parameters. Among the treatment combinations, T₇ recorded the highest initial plant population (34.79 plants m⁻²), final plant population (33.44 plants m⁻²), plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAS and at harvest (17.14, 37.64, 59.21 and 59.44 cm, respectively), number of branches per plant (11.96), dry matter accumulation (25.43 g plant⁻¹) and number of root nodules per plant (19.42). The results indicate that the integrated application of a reduced dose of inorganic fertilisers with farmyard manure and biofertilisers improved the vegetative growth of chickpea compared with the control and several other nutrient-management practices under the agro-climatic conditions of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Microbial Population Dynamics in Rhizosphere Soils of Healthy and Wilt-affected Pigeonpea Fields in Vikarabad District, Telangana, India

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Soil microorganisms inhabiting the plant rhizosphere play a crucial role in maintaining soil health and suppressing soil-borne pathogens. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is one of the most destructive diseases of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) in Telangana. However, information on the influence of wilt incidence on culturable rhizosphere microbial populations under field conditions is limited.

Aims: This study aims to compare the culturable bacterial and fungal populations in the rhizosphere of healthy and wilt-affected pigeonpea fields across major pigeonpea-growing villages of Vikarabad district, Telangana, India.

Methodology: A field survey was conducted during the 2025–26 cropping season in 60 villages. Paired rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy and wilt-affected pigeonpea fields. Bacterial and fungal populations were quantified using the serial dilution plate count technique on Nutrient Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar media, respectively. Data were analysed using paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test, Pearson's correlation analysis and Cohen's d effect size.

Results: Healthy rhizosphere soils contained significantly higher bacterial and fungal populations than wilt-affected soils. Mean bacterial populations were 2.51 × 10⁶ and 2.09 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ soil in healthy and wilt-affected fields, respectively, while fungal populations were 7.95 × 10⁴ and 6.73 × 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ soil, respectively. Fungal populations were significantly higher in black Vertisol soils than in red Alfisol soils, whereas bacterial populations were not clearly separated by soil type. A significant negative bacterial–fungal correlation was observed only in wilt-affected soils (r = −0.28, P = 0.032), indicating disease-associated alteration in microbial balance.

Conclusion: Fusarium wilt was associated with a significant decline in culturable rhizosphere microbial populations in pigeonpea. The findings provide baseline information on rhizosphere microbial dynamics across contrasting soil types and highlight the importance of conserving beneficial soil microorganisms for sustainable wilt management in pigeonpea production systems.

Effect of Zinc and Iron Application on Physiological Parameters and Nutritional Quality of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2021 at the College Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, to evaluate the effect of zinc and iron sulphate application on the physiological parameters and nutritional quality of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) variety GM-6. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications and twelve treatments comprising the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), basal application of ZnSO₄ or FeSO₄, foliar sprays of ZnSO₄ or FeSO₄ at 0.5 and 1.0%, and selected combinations. Zinc and iron application significantly influenced physiological and nutritional traits. Among the treatments, RDF + 0.5% ZnSO₄ foliar spray (T4) recorded the highest leaf area (302.99 cm² plant⁻¹ at 45 DAS and 485.96 cm² plant⁻¹ at harvest), leaf area index (1.83 at 45 DAS and 3.83 at harvest), stomatal conductance (1.65 at 45 DAS and 2.68 at harvest) and seed zinc content (31.30 ppm). The highest photosynthetic rate (22.08 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ at 45 DAS and 33.92 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ at harvest) and seed protein content (24.52%) were recorded with T8. The highest seed iron content (153.69 ppm) was recorded with T6. Overall, foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO₄ improved selected physiological traits and seed zinc enrichment, while FeSO₄ application improved seed iron content.

Resistance Evaluation of Pearl Millet- Male-Sterility Maintainer Populations against Downy Mildew Disease in Burkina Faso

Mady Sawadogo, Inoussa Drabo, Armel Rouamba, Nerbéwendé Sawadogo — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) is an important cereal crop in semi-arid regions, but its production is constrained by downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola. The development of resistant male-sterility maintainer lines is important for improving the resistance of pearl millet hybrids. This study aimed to develop and screen pearl millet male-sterility maintainer populations for resistance to the Kamboinse downy mildew pathotype in Burkina Faso. Crosses were made between ICMB 177004, the maintainer parent of the hybrid ICMH 147007, and three maintainer lines used as sources of resistance, namely ICMB 177002, ICMB 93333 and SIVAREX-S3-45. Through self-pollination and backcrossing, thirty-four maintainer lines were developed and evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes. Disease incidence ranged from 0.0% to 36.9%, with an overall mean of 5.26%. Among the thirty-four maintainer lines, twenty-one were classified as highly resistant, seven as resistant, four as moderately resistant and one as moderately susceptible. Six backcross-derived maintainers, BC3-B3, BC3-B4, BC3-B5, BC3-B6, BC3-B11 and BC3-B14, showed no disease symptoms under the screening conditions. These results indicate that several newly developed maintainer lines possess useful levels of resistance to the Kamboinse downy mildew pathotype and may serve as valuable parental materials for pearl millet hybrid development.

Biology and Seasonal Incidence of Pseudostem Weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Sugandhi banana Growing Regions of Northern Karnataka, India

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Banana is an important fruit crop in India, and the banana pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier, is a damaging internal feeder that affects plant vigour and pseudostem health. This study documented the biology and seasonal incidence of the pest in Sugandhi banana under the agro-climatic conditions of Northern Karnataka. Laboratory studies were conducted during 2020–21, while field observations were recorded during 2021–22 and 2022–23 in ratoon banana at Hosur village, Hosapete taluk, Vijayanagar district. Under laboratory conditions, mating was observed 8-9 days after adult emergence and lasted for 3-5 minutes. The mean incubation period was 6.50 days. The insect completed five larval instars, with a total larval duration of 31.50 days. The mean pre-pupal and pupal periods were 5.00 and 19.50 days, respectively. Adult longevity averaged 66.60 days in males and 91.70 days in females. The total life cycle ranged from 121 to 154 days, with a mean duration of 137.50 days. The pre-oviposition period averaged 22.50 days, and fecundity ranged from 12 to 22 eggs per female. Field observations showed that the weevil population and pseudostem damage increased from May onwards and reached peak levels during August and September in both study years. During 2021-22, the maximum weevil population was 6.55 weevils per plant, and the maximum number of bored holes was 10.98 per plant. During 2022-23, the corresponding values were 6.78 weevils and 15.91 bored holes per plant. Rainfall and relative humidity showed positive associations with pest incidence, whereas maximum temperature showed a negative association in 2021-22. The findings indicate that seasonal weather conditions influence the population build-up and damage intensity of O. longicollis in Sugandhi banana.

Post-renal Azotaemia Secondary to Complicated Chronic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in a Rottweiler Dog: A Case Report

Sunil Punia, Jasleen Kaur, Sreekala S. Mohandas, Gagandeep Singh, Chetna Mahajan — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common prostatic disorder in intact older male dogs and may predispose affected animals to secondary infectious complications. This case report describes an eight-year-old intact male Rottweiler that was initially presented with inappetence, reduced water intake, progressive emaciation, dyschezia, generalised alopecia, and painful prostatic enlargement. Ultrasonography at first presentation revealed an enlarged heterogeneous prostate with an estimated volume of approximately 40 cm³, while the kidneys, liver, and spleen appeared normal. The dog was treated medically with finasteride and antimicrobial therapy, but follow-up evaluation was not performed. Approximately three months later, the dog was re-presented with urethral blood discharge, reduced hind limb weight-bearing, severe dyschezia, melaena, marked weight loss, and severe pallor. Repeat ultrasonography revealed marked prostatic enlargement exceeding 80 cm³, a large central anechoic cavity consistent with abscessation, and bilateral renal changes characterised by reduced size, irregular contour, and loss of corticomedullary distinction. Ultrasound-guided aspiration yielded approximately 70 mL of blood-tinged purulent material. Microbiological examination identified Escherichia coli, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated resistance to all tested antibiotics. Haematobiochemical evaluation showed severe progressive anaemia, thrombocytopenia, marked azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperglobulinaemia, and hypoalbuminaemia. Despite antimicrobial therapy, fluid support, blood transfusion, erythropoietin administration, and supportive care, the dog died due to complications associated with advanced renal failure. This case emphasises the need for timely reassessment, culture-guided therapy, and serial renal monitoring in dogs with complicated prostatic infection.

Behavioural Ecology through the Lens of Economics: Economic Principles as a Universal Framework for Understanding Animal Decision-making

Aleena Ignatious, Ayikkara Vivek Chandran, Amrutha Rajan — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Behavioural ecology and economics share a common interest in how decision-makers allocate limited resources under conditions of constraint, uncertainty, and competing demands. This review examines how selected economic concepts can help interpret animal decision-making across birds, insects, fishes, and non-human primates. The review focuses on cost-benefit analysis, bounded rationality, the marginal value theorem, risk aversion, loss aversion, opportunity cost, negative externalities, and the endowment effect. Evidence from foraging, patch use, predation-risk responses, reward evaluation, and anthropogenic disturbance indicates that many animal decisions can be understood as adaptive responses to trade-offs involving energy, time, risk, and reproductive consequences. Examples include prey-handling decisions in crows, patch-residence behaviour in domestic chicks, risk-sensitive responses in ants and bees, hunger-dependent foraging in sticklebacks, and reference-dependent choices in capuchin monkeys. The review also considers how externality-based reasoning may inform conservation responses to human-generated disturbances such as traffic noise. Overall, the evidence suggests that economic models provide useful functional tools for describing and comparing animal decision-making, particularly when animals face variable rewards, incomplete information, or conflicting fitness demands. However, the reviewed evidence is uneven across taxa and behavioural contexts, and the application of economic terminology should be made cautiously. Economic frameworks should therefore be treated as interpretive and predictive tools rather than as evidence that animals consciously apply economic reasoning. Further comparative and experimental work is needed to clarify the generality, mechanisms, and ecological limits of these parallels.

Resistances of Acinetobacter baumannii Contamination: New Strategies for Contention

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most formidable nosocomial pathogens of the twenty-first century, distinguished by its extraordinary capacity to acquire and sustain resistance to virtually all classes of conventional antibiotics. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) in particular constitutes a critical public health threat, carrying attributable mortality rates that frequently exceed 40% in intensive care settings and imposing substantial burdens on healthcare systems worldwide. The organism's success as a hospital pathogen derives from the convergence of intrinsic microbiological attributes—including desiccation tolerance, biofilm-forming capacity, and a highly plastic genome—with acquired resistance mechanisms such as OXA-type carbapenemases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and efflux pump overexpression. Conventional treatment options, historically anchored in polymyxin-based regimens and high-dose carbapenems, are increasingly undermined by resistance to last-resort agents, rendering the therapeutic landscape dangerously precarious. This review critically evaluates the principal mechanisms underpinning the multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant phenotypes of A. baumannii, examines the global epidemiology of resistant strains, and analyses therapeutic strategies currently employed. It further appraises emerging and novel interventions—including sulbactam-durlobactam, cefiderocol, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticle-based agents, quorum sensing inhibitors, immunotherapeutic approaches, and CRISPR-Cas-based systems—alongside advances in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. The critical synthesis presented here demonstrates that no single emerging strategy is likely to resolve the A. baumannii resistance crisis in isolation, and that a multi-layered, coordinated approach spanning basic science, clinical innovation, and public health governance represents the most credible path forward.

Molecular Strategies in Contemporary Plant Breeding: A Comparative Analysis of Marker-Assisted Selection and Genomic Selection

Amritendu Misra — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Molecular breeding has become an integral component of contemporary crop improvement because it enables selection decisions to be supported by genome-level information. This review compares marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) as two major molecular strategies used in plant breeding. MAS uses molecular markers linked to major genes or quantitative trait loci and is most effective when target traits are controlled by one or a few loci with stable, relatively large effects. It has been applied to the introgression and pyramiding of disease resistance, stress tolerance and quality-related traits in crops such as rice, wheat, groundnut and chickpea. However, its efficiency declines for complex traits that are governed by many small-effect loci and are strongly influenced by environmental variation. GS addresses this limitation by using genome-wide marker information to estimate genomic breeding values without requiring prior identification of significant marker-trait associations. This approach is therefore suitable for polygenic traits, including yield, drought tolerance, heat adaptation and complex quality attributes. The review discusses the evolution of molecular marker systems, the principles and applications of MAS, statistical models used in GS and the genotyping and phenotyping technologies that support these approaches. It also considers the integration of MAS and GS with speed breeding, genome editing, high-throughput phenotyping, artificial intelligence, pangenomic resources and enviromics. Overall, MAS and GS are complementary rather than competing approaches. Their appropriate use depends on trait architecture, breeding objectives, available resources, training population design, data-management capacity, phenotyping reliability and the stage of the breeding pipeline. The review emphasises their coordinated use within practical, evidence-informed crop improvement programmes.

Mass Culture and Enrichment of Brachionus calyciflorus: Strategies to Improve Freshwater Fish Larval Survival

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The early larval stage remains a critical phase in freshwater aquaculture because survival and growth depend strongly on the timely availability of suitable starter feed. This review examines the role of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus as a live feed organism for fish larvae, with emphasis on its culture, nutritional value, enrichment potential and application in larviculture. B. calyciflorus is suitable for early feeding because of its small body size, slow swimming movement, rapid reproduction and capacity to remain available in the water column for larval ingestion. Its culture can be initiated through isolation from freshwater sources, followed by pure culture, stock culture and upscaling in tanks using suitable feeds such as Chlorella vulgaris. Different production systems, including batch, semi-continuous and high-density culture methods, provide options for hatchery-scale use, although each method has limitations related to stability, water quality, labour and cost. The nutritional quality of rotifers can be improved through enrichment with essential nutrients such as vitamins, selenium and highly unsaturated fatty acids. Such enrichment is important because live feeds may naturally lack some nutrients required for optimal larval development. The manuscript also highlights the importance of enriched rotifers in supporting growth, survival, stress tolerance and biochemical composition in fish larvae. Despite these advantages, sustainable use of B. calyciflorus requires careful management of culture conditions, feeding, contamination control and enrichment protocols. Overall, B. calyciflorus represents a useful live feed option for freshwater fish larviculture and may contribute to improved hatchery performance when culture and enrichment practices are properly optimised.

Biotic Stress-resilient Cowpea Breeding: Harnessing Genetic Diversity and Biotechnological Tools for Sustainable Food Security

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a protein-rich seed legume that supports food and nutritional security in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly where farming systems face variable climatic conditions. However, its productivity remains constrained by major biotic stresses, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, insect pests, nematodes, and parasitic weeds. This review synthesises the manuscript’s discussion of genetic diversity, resistance sources, breeding objectives, resistance mechanisms, and conventional and advanced breeding approaches for improving biotic stress resilience in cowpea. It highlights the contribution of germplasm collections, wild relatives, and resistant accessions to broadening the genetic base and supporting resistance breeding. The review also considers conventional methods, including selection, hybridisation, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and wide hybridisation, alongside molecular and genomic approaches such as marker-assisted selection, QTL mapping, genomic selection, speed breeding, transgenic technologies, RNA interference, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The manuscript indicates that biotechnology, including Bt cowpea and alpha-amylase inhibitor-based strategies, can contribute to pest management where suitable natural resistance is limited. Overall, integrating conventional breeding, molecular tools, genomic resources, and biotechnology with global germplasm utilisation is presented as a practical pathway for developing cowpea cultivars with improved resistance, stable productivity, and relevance to sustainable food security under changing environmental conditions.

Plant Wearable Sensors: Emerging Technology for Real-Time Plant Monitoring

Agna Elza Jimmy, Reshmy Vijayaraghavan — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Plant wearable sensors are emerging as flexible, non-invasive platforms for continuous assessment of plant physiological status and plant–environment interactions. This review examines recent progress in wearable sensing systems for real-time monitoring of water status, growth dynamics, chlorophyll content, volatile organic compounds, humidity, temperature and stress-associated responses. It summarises major sensing approaches, including capacitive, chemical, photodetector-based and piezoresistive sensors, with attention to their materials, fabrication strategies, operating principles and potential applications in plant health monitoring. Advances in flexible substrates, conductive materials, nanostructured sensing layers, biodegradable polymers and wireless communication have improved sensor compatibility with plant surfaces and enhanced the detection of physiological changes under field-relevant conditions. Integration with the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud platforms and data analytics further supports continuous data acquisition and interpretation for precision crop management. These systems may contribute to early detection of biotic and abiotic stresses, enabling timely interventions and improved resource-use efficiency. However, broader adoption remains limited by sensor durability, environmental interference, power requirements, scalability, cost and the complexity of interpreting plant-derived signals. Continued interdisciplinary research is required to develop reliable, affordable, energy-efficient, biodegradable and multifunctional sensing platforms that support sustainable agricultural management under changing environmental conditions.

Biogenic Nanoparticles and Nanobiochar for Rhizosphere Engineering in Salinity-Resilient Agriculture: A Review

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Soil salinization remains a major constraint to sustainable crop production because it disrupts soil structure, root function, nutrient availability, ion homeostasis, oxidative balance and rhizosphere microbial activity. Conventional salinity-management practices often provide only partial relief because they do not fully address the linked chemical, physical, biological and hydraulic processes operating at the soil-plant-microbiome interface. This review examines the potential role of biogenic nanoparticles, biochar and engineered nanobiochar systems in rhizosphere engineering for salinity-resilient agriculture. Biogenic nanoparticles may support salt-stress adaptation by influencing ion transport, antioxidant defense, osmotic adjustment, photosynthetic performance, nutrient acquisition, phytohormonal signalling and root-associated microbial processes. Biochar may complement these responses through sodium retention, improved porosity and water-holding capacity, nutrient buffering, microbial habitat formation and stabilization of rhizosphere conditions. Engineered nanobiochar systems provide an integrated platform in which nanoparticle reactivity is combined with the structural and adsorptive properties of biochar. The review also considers links with microbiome engineering, multi-omics approaches, artificial intelligence-assisted precision agriculture and climate-resilient soil management. Despite promising evidence from controlled studies, important limitations remain, including particle aggregation under saline conditions, dose-dependent toxicity, uncertain environmental persistence, limited field validation, variable biochar performance and fragmented regulatory frameworks. Overall, nano-enabled rhizosphere engineering is a developing approach that may contribute to salinity resilience when supported by mechanistic validation, biosafety assessment, field reproducibility and responsible deployment.

Epigenetics and Dietary Phytochemicals: Modulating Gene Expression for Disease Prevention

T. Divya, A. Mangala Gowri — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Epigenetics refers to changes in chromatin organisation and gene expression that occur without alteration of the DNA sequence. This review discusses how dietary phytochemicals and nutritional states may influence epigenetic mechanisms relevant to disease prevention. The manuscript focuses on DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone methylation, histone biotinylation and microRNA-mediated regulation, and describes how these processes can be affected by nutrients, methyl donors and bioactive plant compounds. Evidence discussed in the review indicates that nutrition during maternal, paternal, periconceptional and postnatal periods can influence methylation patterns, gene expression and metabolic outcomes in offspring. The review also examines selected phytochemicals, including genistein, curcumin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and diallyl sulfide, with emphasis on their reported interactions with DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases and microRNAs in experimental models. The selected examples show how these compounds may influence tumour-suppressor genes, oncogenic pathways, inflammatory responses and metabolic regulation through epigenetic mechanisms. The role of nutritional imbalance is considered alongside evidence for dietary patterns that may contain multiple bioactive components. Additional sections consider the epigenetic implications of overnutrition, high-fat diets, the Southern European Atlantic Diet and historical exposures to famine, starvation and obesity-related risk in South Asian populations. Overall, the evidence presented suggests that diet may contribute to gene-expression regulation through reversible epigenetic mechanisms and may therefore represent a modifiable factor in disease prevention. However, the review also recognises that the specificity, safety and long-term consequences of dietary epigenetic modulation require further clarification, particularly because bioactive compounds may act through multiple molecular targets and may vary in effect according to dose, exposure period and biological context.

Climate Change and Its Impact on the Phenology of Major Vegetable Crops: A Review

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change is altering the environmental conditions that regulate the growth and development of vegetable crops, with important consequences for crop phenology, productivity and quality. This review examines the effects of rising temperature, heat stress, altered precipitation, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, drought and changing winter chilling on the phenological behaviour of major vegetable crops. It synthesises evidence from peer-reviewed studies, climate assessment reports, crop physiology investigations and modelling studies published over the past three decades. Particular attention is given to solanaceous vegetables, cole crops, root and bulb vegetables, cucurbits and leguminous vegetables. The review highlights that warming generally accelerates vegetative development by increasing thermal time accumulation, but that it may simultaneously reduce reproductive success by impairing flowering, pollen viability, fertilisation, fruit set, tuber formation, curd development and harvest duration. Cool-season crops are especially vulnerable to reduced chilling and disrupted vernalisation, whereas warm-season crops may tolerate moderate warming but remain sensitive to heat stress during reproductive stages. Climate-induced changes also affect crop quality traits, including colour development, sugar-acid balance, antioxidant compounds, pungency and storage attributes. In addition, altered crop phenology may change the timing and severity of pest and disease pressure. Adaptation options discussed include heat-tolerant cultivar development, adjustment of sowing and transplanting dates, protected cultivation, mulching, improved irrigation scheduling and decision-support tools based on weather and phenological monitoring. The review identifies important research gaps, particularly the limited availability of long-term phenological data for tropical and subtropical vegetable systems, insufficient multi-stress experiments and limited understanding of crop quality responses under future climates. Strengthening these areas will be necessary for improving the resilience of vegetable production under changing climatic conditions.

Managing Ectoparasites in Dairy Animals to Ensure Their Health and Productivity: A Review of Detection, Prediction, and Integrated Control Strategies

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ectoparasites remain a major constraint on dairy animal productivity, with adverse effects on animal health and welfare, milk production, growth, fertility, hide quality, and farm profitability. Ticks, biting and nuisance flies, lice, and mites cause direct injury through blood loss, irritation, skin damage, restlessness, and reduced feeding and resting time. They also contribute indirectly to production losses by transmitting or facilitating diseases such as babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, eye and udder infections, mange, and secondary skin conditions. This review summarises the major ectoparasites of dairy animals, their economic importance, the factors promoting their spread, and current approaches to detection, forecasting, and control. Climate change, acaricide resistance, intensive animal management, animal movement, poor manure and shed hygiene, and the increased use of susceptible high-yielding breeds are identified as key drivers of ectoparasite pressure. Detection methods range from visual inspection, counting, microscopy, and thermal imaging to molecular assays, biosensors, image recognition, surveillance mapping, and resistance testing. Control strategies include judicious chemical use, integrated parasite management, biological control, tick vaccines, resistant breeds, plant-based and nanoscale formulations, improved husbandry, pasture management, quarantine, and modern fly traps. Digital tools, including connected sensors, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and weather-based forecasting, can strengthen early warning and support more timely interventions. The review emphasises that durable ectoparasite management cannot rely on a single method. Locally adapted integrated programmes, guided by monitoring and supported by farmer training, are needed to reduce production losses, limit chemical misuse, slow resistance development, and improve dairy animal health and welfare.

From Gene to Bloom: Unlocking Ornamental Plant Potential Through Genomic Technologies

M. Finsha Narbin, Beena Thomas — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ornamental plants represent an economically and culturally important component of horticulture, yet their improvement has historically relied mainly on phenotypic selection with limited mechanistic understanding. This review synthesises how genomic technologies are expanding knowledge of ornamental plant biology and supporting breeding practice. It considers reference genome resources for major ornamental taxa, including rose, chrysanthemum, petunia, orchid, carnation, and morning glory, and examines how these resources clarify the genetic and regulatory basis of commercially important traits. Particular attention is given to floral colour, form, fragrance, post-harvest longevity, and stress-related adaptation, with emphasis on anthocyanin, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, MADS-box, and ethylene-related pathways. The review also evaluates transcriptomics, epigenomics, molecular markers, linkage mapping, genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, transgenic approaches, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing. These tools have improved trait discovery and created opportunities for more targeted cultivar development, although their translation remains uneven across genera. Persistent constraints include polyploid genome complexity, large and repetitive genomes, limited transformation and regeneration systems, multigenic trait architecture, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and insufficient genomic resources for several commercially important ornamentals. The review concludes that genomic technologies can strengthen ornamental breeding when supported by reliable phenotyping, validated trait associations, appropriate regulatory pathways, and sustained collaboration between research and commercial breeding sectors.

Recent Innovations in Insect Pest Management: Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Insect pests remain a major challenge to agricultural production because they reduce crop yields, affect produce quality, and increase dependence on chemical control measures. Conventional pest management practices, including manual field scouting and repeated pesticide applications, are often labour-intensive, time-consuming, and less effective for the early detection of rapidly changing pest populations. This review discusses recent innovations in insect pest management, with an emphasis on the role of artificial intelligence, smart sensors, precision agriculture, and related digital technologies. Artificial intelligence supports pest identification, population monitoring, risk prediction, and decision-making through machine learning, computer vision, image recognition, and predictive analytics. When integrated with drones, automated traps, remote sensing platforms, Internet of Things devices, and sensor networks, these tools can provide real-time information on pest occurrence, crop condition, soil status, and environmental variables. Such information can support timely interventions, improve pesticide-use efficiency, and reduce unnecessary chemical applications. The review also considers nano pesticides as emerging pest control tools that may improve pesticide delivery, controlled release, and target specificity. However, their environmental fate, toxicity, regulatory approval, and field-level adoption require careful evaluation. Artificial intelligence-based pest management offers important opportunities for sustainable agriculture, but wider adoption depends on reliable datasets, technical infrastructure, farmer training, affordability, data security, and context-specific decision support. Overall, combining artificial intelligence with smart monitoring and precision farming technologies may improve the accuracy, efficiency, and sustainability of insect pest management systems.

Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications: Advances, Limitations, and Comparative Assessment

Gemanen B. Inja, Ungwanen J. Ahile — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Green synthesis has gained attention as a sustainable approach for producing nanoparticles using biological materials under comparatively mild reaction conditions. This mini-review examines plant-mediated synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles and their potential applications in environmental remediation. It discusses the major synthesis routes for nanoparticles, including physical, chemical and green methods, and compares them in terms of cost, energy demand, toxicity, particle control, scalability and environmental compatibility. Particular attention is given to plant extracts as sources of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, organic acids and polysaccharides, which may act as reducing, capping and stabilising agents during nanoparticle formation. This review also summarises major classes of green-synthesised nanoparticles, including iron-based, silver, gold, zinc oxide, copper, titanium dioxide, palladium, selenium and magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Their reported environmental applications include dye degradation, heavy-metal removal, wastewater treatment, photocatalysis, antimicrobial activity and organic pollutant remediation. Iron-based nanoparticles are emphasised because of their abundance, magnetic properties, redox activity and reported usefulness in pollutant removal. The review further highlights important limitations of green synthesis, including variability in biological raw materials, low or inconsistent yield, limited control over particle size and morphology, agglomeration, incomplete mechanistic understanding, scale-up barriers and insufficient ecotoxicological assessment. Overall, green synthesis is presented as a promising route for developing environmentally relevant nanomaterials; however, wider application requires improved standardisation, careful characterisation, realistic wastewater testing, recovery strategies and safety evaluation.

From Selfish Transposon Enzymes to Programmable Miniature Genome Editors: The Biology, Evolution, and Engineering of TnpB Nucleases

Sanchit Pal Singh, Shruti Gupta, Rohit Solanki, Vivek Singh, Amritanshu Upadhyay — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

TnpB proteins are among the most abundant genes encoded in bacterial and archaeal genomes, yet their function in the transposon life cycle remained unclear for decades. Recognition that TnpB is the likely evolutionary ancestor of type V CRISPR-Cas12 effector nucleases, followed by experimental demonstration that TnpB is itself a compact RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, has transformed these previously regarded accessory transposon proteins into a promising frontier in genome engineering. At roughly 350-410 amino acids, TnpB is less than half the size of Cas12a and approximately one-third the size of Cas9, making it well suited to delivery vehicles with constrained cargo capacity, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV). This review discusses recent progress in TnpB biology and technology. It first describes the biochemical and structural basis of RNA-guided DNA cleavage by TnpB and its role in transposon homing. It then summarises comparative genomic analyses that reveal the diversity of TnpB, repeated independent evolutionary transitions from TnpB to Cas12, and recurrent exaptation of TnpB for cellular functions unrelated to transposition. The review also considers how mining natural TnpB diversity and high-throughput protein engineering have produced compact editors with activity and specificity approaching established CRISPR-Cas tools in selected contexts, including early demonstrations of TnpB-mediated editing in animals and crop plants. It concludes by outlining the principal challenges, including transposon-associated motif (TAM) restriction, off-target activity, delivery and mechanistic understanding, that must be addressed before the therapeutic and agricultural potential of TnpB-derived technologies can be fully realised.

Marine Venoms and Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Emerging Anticancer Agents: A Review of Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Mechanisms

Shiksha, S. Bragadeeswaran — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The marine environment harbours an exceptional diversity of venomous and toxin-producing organisms whose secreted peptides, proteins and secondary metabolites have proved to be a rich and largely underexploited reservoir for oncological drug discovery. Cnidarians, cone snails, marine gastropods, scorpaeniform fishes and stingrays produce venoms containing pore-forming toxins, ion-channel modulators and protease-rich fractions that exert potent, often tumour-selective, cytotoxic effects, while sessile invertebrates such as sponges, tunicates and molluscs yield structurally distinctive alkaloids, nucleosides, macrolides and peptides that have already furnished several clinically approved chemotherapeutics. This narrative review synthesises the contemporary literature on the cytotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms of marine venoms and venom-derived compounds, alongside related marine natural products of non-venomous origin, with particular attention to membrane-disruptive cytotoxicity, ion-channel-mediated signalling, mitochondrial and death-receptor apoptotic cascades, and cell-cycle arrest. The pharmacology of established agents, including trabectedin, lurbinectedin, eribulin, cytarabine and the dolastatin-derived auristatins, is considered alongside emerging venom-derived candidates from sea anemones, jellyfish and venomous fishes, and the sulphated polysaccharide fucoidan from brown algae. Evidence for synergy with conventional chemotherapeutics, prospects for bioconjugation and targeted delivery, and the principal translational obstacles, including limited supply, structural complexity and unresolved pharmacokinetics, are discussed. The review concludes that marine venoms and venom-derived bioactive molecules represent a mechanistically diverse and clinically validated source of anticancer leads, but that systematic structural characterisation, standardised bioassay reporting and rational combination strategies will be required to translate this potential into new therapeutics.

Effect of Climate Change and Weather Patterns on Insect Migration in India: A Comprehensive Review

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change and altered weather patterns increasingly influence insect migration, pest outbreaks, pollinator activity, and vector distribution in India. This review examines the major climatic drivers affecting insect movement, with an emphasis on rising temperatures, monsoon variability, unseasonal rainfall, drought, cyclones, and other extreme weather events. The manuscript focuses on key migratory or climate-sensitive insect groups, including desert locust, fall armyworm, butterflies, honeybees, mosquitoes, and dragonflies, and discusses their ecological, agricultural, and public health relevance. Evidence presented in the review indicates that warming conditions can accelerate insect development, modify seasonal activity, extend breeding periods, and enable range expansion into new agro-climatic zones. Irregular monsoon patterns and extreme weather events can further influence breeding success, migration timing, dispersal routes, and outbreak intensity. Migratory pests such as desert locust and fall armyworm pose risks to crop production, whereas changes in pollinator movement and abundance can affect pollination-dependent crops. Climate-sensitive mosquito vectors can also expand into areas where temperature and humidity conditions become favourable. The review highlights the importance of improved surveillance, climate-linked forecasting, geospatial tools, radar-based monitoring, ecological niche modelling, and long-term insect migration datasets. It also emphasizes the need for integrated approaches involving entomology, climatology, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and public health. Strengthening climate-resilient monitoring systems and adaptive management strategies is essential for reducing risks associated with climate-driven insect migration in India.

Ammonia Odor Control in Poultry Farms with Closed Housing Systems: A Review of Effective Technologies for Indonesia

Marry Christiyanto, Cahya Setya Utama — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This narrative review synthesises evidence-based ammonia mitigation technologies for closed-house poultry farms in Indonesia, focusing on manure management, low-protein diets, litter amendments, real-time monitoring and exhaust-treatment systems suited to tropical conditions. Peer-reviewed literature published from 2017 to 2026 was searched and evaluated for methodological quality and applicability to Indonesia's tropical agricultural context. Only peer-reviewed articles were included. Five intervention categories were examined: manure management; low-protein diets with amino acid supplementation; litter amendments, including zeolite, biochar, rice husk and coconut shell biochar; IoT-based real-time NH₃ monitoring; and exhaust-treatment technologies, including biofilters and acid scrubbers. Sodium bisulfate was the most effective litter acidifier, followed by biochar and zeolite. Zeolite at 8-11% (w/w) reduced NH₃ emissions by 20-33%, while biochar produced at 550°C through pyrolysis reduced nitrogen emissions by 55-60%. Acid scrubbers were reported to reduce NH₃ by up to 96%, compared with 42-67% for biofilters. Reducing dietary crude protein by 25 g/kg decreased nitrogen excretion by 25.8%; combined strategies involving low-protein diets, acid scrubbers, biofilters and manure application were reported to reduce emissions by up to 89.3%. Indonesia's annual rice husk production, estimated at approximately 10.10 million tonnes, could generate around 3.89 million tonnes of biochar as a scalable local resource. An integrated multi-strategy approach combining manure management, dietary protein reduction, litter amendments, real-time IoT-based monitoring and exhaust treatment offers a sustainable framework for ammonia mitigation in Indonesian poultry farms, with locally available materials providing climate-appropriate options for small- to medium-scale operations.

Ethylene Signaling Cascade: From Hormone Perception to Transcriptional Regulation

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that regulates diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite its simple chemical nature, ethylene activates a highly sophisticated signal transduction pathway that converts hormone perception into precise changes in gene expression. The study aims to comprehensively analyse the ethylene signal transduction pathway in plants, focusing on how ethylene perception is translated into molecular and genetic responses and the importance of ethylene signalling in regulating plant growth and stress responses. Ethylene signalling is initiated by membrane-bound receptors localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, which function as negative regulators in the absence of the hormone. The regulation of ethylene production occurs at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational control mechanisms. The ethylene signalling pathway comprises several core components: a family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localised ethylene receptors; the protein kinase constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1); the ER-associated transmembrane protein ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2), whose biochemical activity remains unresolved; and nuclear transcription factors including EIN3, EIN3-like (EIL), and ethylene response factors (ERFs). Ethylene functions as an inverse agonist by inhibiting receptor activity, which reduces CTR1-mediated repression and permits EIN2 activation. EIN2 subsequently modulates transcriptional and translational processes, driving the majority of ethylene responses. While this canonical cascade represents the principal signalling route, additional non-canonical pathways also contribute to ethylene-regulated processes. Ethylene binding inactivates these receptors, leading to suppression of the downstream kinase CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1 (CTR1) and activation of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). Subsequent nuclear signalling involves stabilisation of the transcription factors EIN3 and EIN3-LIKE (EIL), which regulate the expression of ethylene-responsive genes. This tightly regulated signalling cascade controls key physiological processes such as fruit ripening, senescence, abscission, and stress adaptation. Ethylene sensing depends on receptors such as ETR1 and ERS1, located on the endoplasmic reticulum. This review synthesizes current knowledge of ethylene signalling, highlights emerging alternative mechanisms, and examines strategies by which ethylene signalling has been exploited in agricultural and horticultural contexts.

Potassium as a Key Nutrient for Sustainable Cereal Production: A Review

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient for cereal crops and contributes to growth, yield formation, grain quality and tolerance to environmental stresses. This review summarises the role of K in sustainable cereal production, with emphasis on physiological functions, soil dynamics, crop uptake, deficiency symptoms, nutrient interactions, losses and management options. Potassium supports enzyme activation, photosynthesis, assimilate translocation, stomatal regulation, osmoregulation, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and ionic balance. In soil, K occurs in solution, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and mineral-bound forms, and its availability is influenced by texture, clay mineralogy, moisture, temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter and management practices. Cereal crops differ in K demand and response; rice requires K throughout vegetative and reproductive phases, wheat responds strongly during tillering and grain development, and maize benefits from balanced K and phosphorus supply. Inadequate K nutrition may cause marginal chlorosis, necrosis, weak stems, poor root development, reduced grain filling and hidden hunger before visible symptoms appear. Major K losses occur through harvested produce, residue removal, erosion, runoff and leaching, particularly in coarse-textured or intensively cultivated soils. Sustainable K management should integrate appropriate fertiliser source, rate, timing and placement with split application, foliar supplementation where root uptake is limited, crop-residue recycling, organic amendments, and monitoring of exchangeable and non-exchangeable K pools. These approaches can improve K-use efficiency, maintain soil fertility and support resilient cereal-based production systems.