Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important nutritious and climate-resilient cereal crop cultivated under diverse agro-climatic conditions. Grain yield is a complex trait influenced by several interrelated characters; therefore, correlation and path coefficient analysis help identify important yield-contributing traits for effective crop improvement and selection. The present investigation was carried out in 30 genotypes of foxtail millet to measure correlation and path coefficients. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications at Hill Millet Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Waghai (The Dangs). The result showed grain yield/plant to have highly significant positive correlation with panicle weight, straw yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels, while a highly significant negative correlation was recorded with productive tillers/ plant at both levels and a non- significant positive with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and panicle length at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that higher positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exhibited by straw yield per plant followed by days to maturity, 1000 grain weight, panicle weight, days to 50% flowering, protein content and panicle length, so they could be used as selection criteria for effective improvement of grain yield in foxtail millet.

Study on Morphological Variations among Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) Genotypes under Foothill Conditions of Nagaland, India

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is a highly nutritious but underutilised tropical legume with considerable potential for enhancing food and nutritional security. The present study was conducted to assess morphological diversity among 30winged bean genotypes and one check variety (KAU Nitya) under the foothill conditions of Nagaland during the Kharif seasons of 2022–23 and 2023–24. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Morphological characterisation was carried out using IBPGR (1982) descriptors and RHS colour standards for vegetative, floral, and pod traits. Considerable phenotypic variation was observed among the evaluated genotypes. Abundant plant growth (74.19%), medium leaflet size (77.42%), deltoid leaflet shape (87.10%), and green stem colour (90.32%) were the predominant vegetative traits. Similarly, green calyx and blue corolla colours (90.32%), green pods without specks (93.55%), and green pod wings (93.55%) were the most frequent reproductive characters. Pod shape exhibited comparatively greater variability, with four distinct phenotypic classes identified. Cluster analysis based on qualitative traits grouped the 31 genotypes into four clusters, with the greatest inter-cluster distance observed between Clusters II and III (9.482), indicating substantial morphological divergence. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three principal components accounted for 84.88% of the total variation, with pigmentation-related traits contributing most strongly to genotype differentiation. Genotypes NUWB-19, NUWB-33, NUWB-11, NUWB-26, NUWB-35, and NUWB-32 exhibited distinct morphological characteristics and occupied divergent positions in both cluster and PCA analyses. These genotypes represent valuable germplasm resources for parental selection, conservation, and pre-breeding programmes aimed at broadening the genetic base of winged bean and developing improved cultivars adapted to diverse agro-ecological conditions.

Low-intensity Static Magnetic Fields Differentially Modulate the Growth Kinetics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus Subtilis

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Optimizing the cultivation of Bacillus species is paramount for the scalable production of microbial bio-inputs. This study investigated the application of low-intensity static magnetic fields (100 and 600 Gauss) as a non-invasive physical stimulus to enhance biomass yield in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis. Standardized inocula (1 × 10⁵ CFU/mL) were cultivated in Müller-Hinton broth under continuous magnetic exposure for 24 hours, with growth dynamics monitored via optical density (OD₄₀₀) and analyzed using Student's t-test (α = 0.05). The results revealed species-specific physiological responses: B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited a robust, intensity-dependent proliferation increase, achieving relative yield gains of 57.85% at 100 Gauss and 90.00% at 600 Gauss compared to the unexposed control (p < 0.05). Conversely, B. subtilis showed only marginal, non-significant growth trends (26.47% and 24.70% at 100 and 600 Gauss, respectively; p > 0.05). These findings suggest that static magnetic fields act as physiological modulators, likely by altering membrane ion flux and accelerating metabolic pathways. Magnetic stimulation represents a promising, cost-effective, and non-invasive strategy for optimizing biomass production in industrial biofactory systems.

Innovations in Pollination Methods: Transition towards Modern Pollination in Precision Agriculture

N. Vairam, N. Murugan — Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pollination is a critical ecological process that directly influences global food production, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability. Traditional pollination methods—primarily reliant on natural pollinators such as bees, butterflies and manual human-assisted techniques—have supported agriculture for centuries. However, rapid declines in pollinator populations, intensification of farming systems, and the growing demand for higher crop yields have accelerated the shift toward innovative and technologically advanced pollination strategies. This review examines the evolution of pollination approaches from conventional practices to modern precision agriculture techniques. The present review was conducted using secondary sources derived from existing academic literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and conference proceedings. It highlights recent advancements, including mechanical pollinators, drone-assisted pollination, artificial intelligence–based flower detection, robotic micro-pollinators, and controlled-environment pollination systems used in protected cultivation. Furthermore, the abstract synthesises insights on the efficacy, scalability, ecological impacts, and economic feasibility of these innovations. By integrating traditional knowledge with cutting-edge technologies, precision pollination offers promising avenues for sustainable crop production, climate resilience, and enhanced food security. Future advancements are expected to focus on reducing research and development costs while enhancing the supporting infrastructure of pollination systems to achieve greater cost-effectiveness. The integration of image sensors with diverse pollination technologies is improving adaptability and efficiency across a wide range of greenhouse crops. These technological developments are accelerating the pollination process while simultaneously addressing economic constraints, thereby supporting the broader adoption of automated pollination solutions in modern agriculture. Overall, this review underscores the need for interdisciplinary research, farmer-friendly innovations, and policy support to ensure the future of pollination in modern agriculture.

Patenting Plant Biotechnology Innovations: Legal Frameworks, Limitations and Ethical Implications

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The patenting of biotechnology innovations in plant breeding occupies one of the most contested intersections of intellectual property law, agricultural science, and global ethics. Over the past five decades, the expansion of utility patents, plant variety rights, and related forms of intellectual property protection to encompass seeds, genetic traits, gene-editing tools, and biological processes has reshaped the landscape of crop improvement worldwide. This review critically examines the scope of patent protection currently afforded to plant biotechnology innovations, surveys the principal limitations that constrain both patentees and those who seek freedom to operate, and engages systematically with the ethical concerns that have accumulated around these developments. Literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, AGRIS (FAO Global Index of Agricultural Research), CAB Abstracts, the JSTOR Global Plant Science Collection, WIPO PATENTSCOPE (for regulatory and legislative background), and the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) for pre-publication working papers in law and economics. The article traces the evolution of the international legal framework from the foundational TRIPS Agreement and the UPOV Convention through to the 2024 WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. It examines how recent genomic technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas genome editing, are generating unprecedented patent complexity, and considers how regulatory debates in the European Union illustrate the broader tensions between innovation incentives and public interest imperatives. The concentration of patent portfolios within a small number of transnational agrochemical corporations is analysed in relation to seed market consolidation, rising seed prices, and narrowing access to genetic resources for public-sector breeders and smallholder farmers. Ethical concerns addressed include biopiracy, the erosion of farmers' seed-saving rights, the threat to agrobiodiversity, and the inequitable distribution of biotechnological benefits between the Global North and Global South. The review also considers emerging alternative models, including open-source licensing and digital sequence information governance frameworks, and reflects on the contested future of intellectual property in plant breeding.

A Review on Adaptogenic Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Insights

Pragati Adhikari, Rishu Raj, Asma Fayaz, Munish Kundal — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The adaptogenic mushrooms have increasingly attracted the scientific community's attention as they have the potential to improve stress resilience, immunity and metabolism due to their multi-targeted nature of stimulating biological activities. They were traditionally used in systems like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine, but are currently under study using modern methods of pharmacology and molecular research. This paper critically reviews major adaptogenic mushrooms, including Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps militaris and C. sinensis, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus and Grifola frondosa with emphasis on their key bioactive compounds, including β-glucans, triterpenoids, cordycepin, erinacines and polyphenols, which have been associated with, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective properties, and metabolic regulatory effects. The review also investigates the mechanistic basis of adaptogenic activity of the mushrooms, which includes hormonal and neurotransmitter control, modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, activation of cellular stress-response pathways like AMPK, NRF2, and attenuation of oxidative and inflammatory stress. Overall, this review paper discusses farming techniques and environmental elements affecting the bioactive content of mushrooms, therefore stressing the necessity of quality control and standardisation. Adaptogenic mushrooms have a growing potential for use as complementary treatments and functional foods, yet extensive in-vitro and animal studies support adaptogenic mechanisms; clinical validation remains limited and heterogeneous.

Methodological Frameworks and Challenges in Product Carbon Footprint Assessment: A Critical Review

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper discusses current methodologies for measuring carbon footprints within the food industry, with a particular focus on seafood and seafood-based products. Key approaches, including life cycle assessment, are discussed. The carbon footprint methodology estimates total greenhouse gas emissions across the entire life cycle of a product, from the initial extraction of the raw materials up until the final disposal and serves as an essential tool for evaluating environmental consequences and supporting sustainable practices. However, several obstacles exist, including discrepancies in system boundaries, functional units, regionality, time frames, data availability and reliance on emission factors. These issues complicate the identification of hotspots, framework standardization, and limit comparability of results across studies. This review further evaluates major carbon accounting standards at both organisational and product levels, such as ISO 14064, the GHG Protocol, PAS 2050, and ISO 14067. In addition, it highlights key factors influencing carbon footprint assessments, including greenhouse gas selection, system boundary definition, data collection, and emission quantification. Hence, the study emphasises the need for greater consistency, transparency, and standardisation in carbon footprint methodologies to improve reliability and support effective emission reduction strategies in the seafood sector.

Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases of Dogs: Risks, Transmission, and Prevention

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are among the most widely accepted companion animals across households worldwide. Rapid urbanization and modernization have led to an increase in nuclear families and solitary living, thereby enhancing the human inclination toward pet ownership for companionship. However, the close interaction between humans and dogs, coupled with shared living environments, poses a significant risk for the transmission of zoonotic, emerging, and re-emerging canine zoonotic diseases. Factors such as climate change, increased human–animal interface, unregulated breeding practices, and movement of pets across regions contribute to the emergence and resurgence of pathogens of public health importance, including leptospirosis, brucellosis, and vector-borne infections. Effective prevention and control of these diseases require comprehensive knowledge of vaccination protocols, pet health management, and disease surveillance. The present review provides an overview of major canine diseases, including rabies, canine parvoviral gastroenteritis, canine distemper, canine coronavirus infection, canine rotavirus infection, canine herpesvirus infection, canine leptospirosis, canine brucellosis, transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), kennel cough, and pyoderma, while also highlighting the public health significance of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic threats. Emphasis is placed on their etiological agents, transmission dynamics, and key clinical aspects. This review aims to offer concise and accessible information to support improved disease management, strengthen zoonotic disease awareness, and promote responsible pet ownership

Climate-resilient Crop Breeding: Advances in Genomics, Phenotyping, and Sustainable Agriculture

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to global food security, threatening to undermine decades of agricultural progress through increased temperatures, erratic precipitation patterns, prolonged droughts, and intensified pest and disease pressures. Crop breeding, empowered by transformative advances in genomics, high-throughput phenotyping, and precision biotechnology, has emerged as a cornerstone strategy for developing resilient varieties capable of sustaining productivity under rapidly shifting environmental conditions. This review synthesises current knowledge on the convergence of genomic tools—including genome-wide association studies, genomic selection, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing—with next-generation phenotyping platforms that leverage remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and machine learning algorithms to bridge the genotype-to-phenotype gap. Primary literature searches were conducted across multiple academic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and CAB Abstracts. The integration of multi-omics data, speed breeding protocols, and epigenetic insights has further accelerated the identification and deployment of adaptive traits such as drought tolerance, heat resilience, salinity tolerance, and submergence resistance. The review also examines how these technological advances are being embedded within sustainable agricultural frameworks, encompassing biofortification, agroecological management, and policy-driven international collaboration. Key challenges, including data standardisation, intellectual property barriers, and the equitable deployment of advanced breeding tools in low-income settings, are critically discussed. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the role of artificial intelligence, digital agriculture, and genomics-assisted breeding in securing food systems against future climatic adversity.

Role of Microbiome in Plant Health and Disease Suppressions: A Review

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The plant microbiome constitutes a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining plant health, enhancing growth, and suppressing diseases. The present review assesses the role of the microbiome in promoting plant health and suppressing plant diseases. These microbial assemblages, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protists, inhabit distinct plant niches such as the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere, forming intricate interactions with host plants. Microbiomes contribute to nutrient acquisition through processes such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and micronutrient mobilization, thereby improving plant productivity and soil fertility. They also regulate plant development via phytohormone production and modulation, influencing root architecture and stress responses. Disease suppression is achieved through direct mechanisms such as antibiosis, competition, and parasitism, as well as indirect pathways including induced systemic resistance and microbiome-mediated signalling. Technological advancements in omics approaches, sequencing platforms, and bioinformatics have significantly enhanced understanding of microbial diversity and function, facilitating the development of sustainable agricultural applications such as biofertilizers, biocontrol agents, and synthetic microbial consortia. Despite these advances, factors such as environmental variability, host specificity, and challenges in microbial establishment limit large-scale implementation. Emerging strategies focusing on microbiome engineering, climate-resilient microbial systems, and integration with artificial intelligence and precision agriculture offer promising directions for future research. A deeper understanding of plant-microbiome-pathogen interactions and ecological dynamics is essential for optimizing these approaches. Harnessing the functional potential of plant microbiomes provides a sustainable pathway to improve crop productivity, reduce dependence on chemical inputs, and ensure long-term agricultural and environmental stability.

Heat Stress Tolerance in Crops: New Frontiers for Climate-ready Agriculture

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Global agriculture faces an unprecedented challenge as rising temperatures, driven by anthropogenic climate change, increasingly compromise crop productivity and food security. Heat stress—defined as an elevation in temperature beyond the threshold that disrupts normal plant growth and development—threatens all major staple crops, including wheat, rice, maize, soybean, and grain legumes, with potentially catastrophic consequences for yields. This review synthesises current knowledge on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress responses in crop plants, while charting the most promising frontiers for developing climate-ready cultivars. The review examines how elevated temperatures impair membrane integrity, photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive processes, and explores the complex signalling networks orchestrated by heat shock proteins, heat shock transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators that underpin acquired thermotolerance. It further evaluates the contribution of genetic, genomic, transgenic, and CRISPR-based approaches to improving heat tolerance, alongside agronomic interventions. Special attention is given to the integration of multi-omics platforms, high-throughput phenotyping, and genomic selection in accelerating the development of heat-tolerant varieties. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps—including the poorly understood role of thermosensors, non-coding RNAs, and combinatorial stress interactions—and proposes a roadmap for research that bridges fundamental plant science with applied crop improvement. Given that current trajectories of global warming could reduce yields of key staples by 2–6% per decade, investment in heat-tolerant crop development is both scientifically urgent and ethically imperative.

Genetic and Genomic Strategies for Developing Climate-Resilient Cereals under Changing Agro-ecological Conditions

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change and increasing environmental variability represent significant challenges to the sustainability of global cereal production systems. Rising temperatures, erratic precipitation patterns, soil salinisation, flooding events, and the growing incidence of pests and diseases have collectively exerted substantial negative effects on crop productivity, yield stability, and grain nutritional quality. These challenges are expected to intensify under future climate scenarios, thereby threatening global food and nutritional security. Consequently, the development of climate-resilient cereal cultivars has emerged as a critical objective of contemporary crop improvement programmes. This review examines the contributions of genetic diversity, conventional breeding methodologies, molecular breeding techniques, and genomics-assisted approaches to enhancing climate resilience in major cereal crops. Particular emphasis is placed on the exploitation of landraces and wild crop relatives as valuable reservoirs of adaptive traits, as well as on the role of pre-breeding programmes in broadening the genetic base of cultivated germplasm. Furthermore, the review discusses the application of advanced genomic tools, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection, speed breeding, and genome-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas systems, for improving stress tolerance, adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, and yield stability. In addition, the importance of multi-environment testing for the identification of stable and broadly adapted genotypes is highlighted, alongside efforts to enhance grain nutritional quality without compromising agronomic performance. The review also underscores the value of integrated climate-smart breeding strategies that combine phenotypic, genomic, and environmental data to accelerate genetic gain. The convergence of high-throughput phenomics, advanced genomics, molecular breeding technologies, artificial intelligence, and data-driven analytical approaches offers unprecedented opportunities for the rapid development of climate-resilient cereal cultivars capable of maintaining productivity, adaptability, and nutritional quality under increasingly challenging agro-ecological conditions.

Sterculia urens (Kullu) Roxb.: An Important Non-Timber Forest Species of India and Its Multifaceted Uses

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sterculia urens Roxb., commonly known as Indian tragacanth or Karaya gum, is a tree species native to India and widely distributed across its agroecological regions. It is a declining non-timber forest species valued for its gum exudates, which have significant commercial importance in international markets. Consequently, the species requires conservation to ensure its sustainable availability in nature. In addition to its economic value, S. urens is recognised for its medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional Indian healthcare systems, including Ayurveda and Unani. The species is categorised as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) among threatened medicinal plants of central India, emphasising the need for effective conservation and management. In India, Sterculia urens is distributed across several states, including Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Odisha, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh. Within Chhattisgarh, commercially significant populations occur predominantly in the forested regions of Dantewada, with smaller populations reported from Kanker, Jagdalpur, Bijapur, Sukma, Korea, and Gariyaband districts. Commonly known as gum karaya, S. urens is an economically important tree species belonging to the family Sterculiaceae, typically inhabiting dry and rocky forest ecosystems. Besides its industrial and commercial value, its roasted and cooked seeds serve as a supplementary food source for economically disadvantaged communities. The seeds of Sterculia urens comprise approximately 56% kernel, containing about 35% protein, 26% oil, and 28% carbohydrates. The seed oil has potential applications in both the edible oil and soap manufacturing industries. The species produces gum karaya, a complex polysaccharide with extensive industrial applications, particularly in the pharmaceutical, leather, bakery, and dairy sectors. In addition to its commercial significance, gum karaya and related gum-resins possess notable medicinal properties and have been traditionally utilised in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for the management of various ailments, including fever, cough, common cold, dysentery, and sexual disorders.

Canopy Management in Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Orchards: Principles, Physiological Basis, Training Systems and Prospects with Special Reference to Himachal Pradesh, India

Arun Kumar, Durga Prasad Bhandari, Rajesh Kumar, Shashi Kala — Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is cultivated on 1,16,338 ha in Himachal Pradesh, producing 5,02,948 MT and accounting for 77.6 per cent of the state's total fruit output, with an average productivity of 4.32 MT ha⁻¹. Kinnaur district contributes 96,636 MT from 10,937 ha, corresponding to 19.2 per cent of state apple production from 9.4 per cent of the area and a productivity of 8.84 MT ha⁻¹. This review synthesises research and extension evidence on canopy management in apple orchards, with emphasis on physiological principles and practical application under Himachal Pradesh conditions. The manuscript examines meristem activity, bud dormancy, hormonal regulation, gravimorphism, photomorphism, light interception, rootstock-induced vigour control, training systems, pruning, branch positioning, crop load regulation, spur renewal, plant growth regulators, disease-risk moderation and climate-adaptive orchard design. The review highlights that canopy architecture determines the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation and thereby influences fruit colour, soluble solids, fruit size, flower-bud formation and long-term productivity. High-density systems on dwarfing rootstocks, particularly Vertical Axis, Tall Spindle and Espalier arrangements, are discussed in relation to traditional central-leader orchards on seedling rootstocks. Block-wise recommendations for Nichar, Kalpa and Pooh are presented to reflect differences in altitude, rainfall, chilling, irrigation availability and disease pressure. The review concludes that balanced canopy management, rather than pruning intensity alone, is central to improving yield regularity and fruit quality. It also identifies the need for long-term, block-specific trials on rootstocks, training systems, economic returns and climate-responsive practices in the dry temperate apple belt of Kinnaur.

Cytomorphology of Transmissible Venereal Tumors in Male and Female Non-descript Dogs: A Case Report

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Transmissible venereal tumors are among the most common skin tumors in dogs, frequently encountered in clinical practice. It is mainly transmitted through coitus and most commonly occurs in young, sexually mature dogs. Two dogs, a 7-year-old non-descript male and a 2-year-old non-descript female dog, were presented to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SOA (DU), Bhubaneswar, with a history of cauliflower-like growth in the prepuce of the male dog and vagina in the female dog. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed, and a Giemsa-stained smear was examined. Cytological examination revealed typical round- to slightly polyhedral-shaped cells with the presence of distinct, clear cytoplasmic vacuoles, often referred to as punctuate vacuolation, along with the presence of numerous neutrophils. Based on the cytological diagnosis, appropriate therapeutic management was initiated, and both cases responded well.

Effect of Organic and Biofertilization on Growth, Yield, and Chemical Constituents of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Nabila F. Elashmawy, Marwa Kh. H. Sadeg, Tahany Noreldin, Rehab A. Dawoud — Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing global demand for high-quality medicinal plants, coupled with the environmental and health concerns associated with chemical fertilizers, has spurred a resurgence of interest in sustainable agricultural practices. The over-reliance on synthetic NPK fertilizers has led to soil degradation, groundwater pollution, and elevated production costs. In two consecutive seasons (2023/2024 and 2024/2025), this study assessed the impact of combined organic and biofertilization on Nigella sativa L. growth, seed output, oil productivity, and chemical composition under Egyptian conditions. A randomized complete block design was used to arrange twelve fertilization treatments that included chicken manure (PM; 10 and 20) m³ fed⁻¹, Nitrobein (NT) (Azospirillum sp.), Phosphorein (Ph) (Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum), and active dry yeast. When compared to the control, all fertilization treatments greatly increased vegetative growth and output. The maximum plant height (76.7 cm), number of capsules (45.06 plant⁻¹), seed weight (4.78 g plant⁻¹), and seed yield (0.76 t ha⁻¹) were all produced by the combined treatment Ph + PM (20 m³ fed⁻¹), which was 73% higher than the control (0.44 t ha⁻¹). Yeast + PM (20 m³ fed⁻¹) enhanced the fixed oil content from 19.91% (control) to 27.59%, while phosphorein treatment increased the volatile oil production from 0.013 to 0.038 mL plant⁻¹.

Fertilization strategy also affected the content of fatty acids. The predominant unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, varied from 66.25% to 83.09%, with yeast application showing the highest percentage. In addition to increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in plant tissues, integrated treatments greatly increased chlorophyll a (1.43 mg g⁻¹ vs. 1.06 mg g⁻¹ in the control). Overall, the combination of biofertilizers and high-rate poultry manure outperformed individual treatments, increasing N. sativa oil quality and yield amount. These results demonstrate integrated nutrient management as a viable approach to raising black cumin productivity and phytochemical quality in semi-arid environments.

A Study on Incidence and Biochemical Alterations Associated with True Anoestrus and Silent Oestrus in Crossbred Cows of Assam, India

Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Reproductive disorders such as true anoestrus and silent oestrus are major causes of infertility and economic loss in dairy cattle, particularly under field conditions where nutritional and managemental factors greatly influence reproductive performance. The present study was conducted to study the prevalence of reproductive disorders in crossbred cows and to determine the incidence and biochemical alterations associated with true anoestrus and silent oestrus in crossbred cows maintained under field conditions in Assam. A total of 1374 crossbred cows from private farms in the greater Guwahati area were examined through breeding history, clinico-gynaecological, and ultrasonographic evaluations. For biochemical analysis of blood serum, Serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, zinc, total protein, and cholesterol were estimated using an automatic biochemistry analyzer following the protocols provided with commercial kits. Out of 1374 crossbred cows, 1172 (85.3%) were found normal, while 102 (7.42%) and 100 (7.28%) were identified as repeat breeders and anoestrus cows, respectively. The overall incidence of silent oestrus and true anoestrus was 4.58% (63/1374) and 2.69% (37/1374), respectively. Biochemical analyses revealed significantly (p<0.05) lower serum calcium levels and higher cholesterol and total protein concentrations in true anoestrus cows compared to normal cyclic ones, while differences in phosphorus and zinc levels were non-significant. The findings indicate that nutritional and metabolic imbalances, particularly calcium deficiency and altered lipid and protein metabolism, play crucial roles in the occurrence of anoestrus. The study underscores the importance of mineral supplementation, balanced nutrition, and proper management to enhance reproductive efficiency and productivity in crossbred dairy herds under field conditions of Assam.

Enhancing Banana Yield and Profitability through Bunch Skirting

U. G. Thakare, G. J. Tupkar — Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Banana (Musa spp.) is a vital horticultural crop, yet achieving premium market quality remains a challenge due to biotic and abiotic stresses during bunch development. This study evaluates the multi-dimensional impact of bunch skirting technology through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted over three consecutive years (2022-2023 to 2024-25) across various villages. The primary objective was to assess the technology against traditional farmer practices (control) by measuring agronomic improvements, economic viability, and the efficacy of FLDs as an extension methodology for accelerating technology adoption. Data from 39 participating farmers (13 per year) were analyzed.

Agronomic results indicated a consistent and statistically significant improvement in fruit girth and overall yield. In 2022-23, the average yield per hectare increased by 13.16%, with similar sustained growth in subsequent years. Economically, despite an additional expenditure of Rs. 54,450/ha for skirting bags, the intervention yielded a substantially higher average Benefit-Cost (B:C) ratio compared to the control, culminating in a B:C ratio of 2.78 in 2024-25. The Incremental Cost-Benefit Ratio (ICBR) proved the investment highly lucrative. Furthermore, the extension analysis revealed that the technology significantly reduced yield variability among farmers, mitigating perceived financial risks. The sustained positive outcomes across diverse geographical micro-climates within the study area underscore skirting as a highly profitable intervention and validate the participatory FLD model for bridging the lab-to-land gap in agricultural technology.

Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatic Affections and Hepatic Space Occupying Lesions in Dogs

Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The present study aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of hepatic affections and hepatic space-occupying lesions in dogs in Central India.

Study Design: A prospective clinical study was conducted at the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Jabalpur, from June 2025 to November 2025. Dogs presented during this period, irrespective of age, sex and breed, exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of hepatic disorders such as anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, weakness, icterus, ascites, and elevated serum liver enzymes were screened and included in the study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh for a six-month period (June–November 2025).

Methodology: The dogs were assessed through clinical examination, hematobiochemical profiling, ultrasonography and confirmatory computed tomography.

Results: Out of 4973 dogs presented during the study period, 109 dogs were confirmed with hepatic affections, showing a prevalence of 2.19%, while hepatic space-occupying lesions (SOLs) showed a prevalence of 0.30%. Chronic hepatitis was the most common hepatic disorder (44.95%), followed by acute hepatitis (30.28%), hepatic SOLs (13.76%) and hepatobiliary disorders (11.01%). The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia/inappetence (87.16%), lethargy (69.73%) and vomiting (68.81%). Hepatic affections were most commonly observed in adult dogs aged 1–8 years (60.55%), whereas hepatic SOLs were predominantly recorded in geriatric dogs aged >8 years (60%). Male dogs constituted 66.06% of hepatic affection cases, while hepatic SOLs showed no significant sex predisposition. Indian Mongrels (22.01%) and Labrador Retrievers (21.10%) were the most commonly affected breeds, with Labrador Retrievers accounting for 60% of hepatic SOL cases. Hepatic tumors constituted 93.33% of SOLs.

Conclusion: Hepatic affections are relatively common in dogs presented to veterinary clinics, with chronic hepatitis being the predominant condition. Hepatic SOLs occur more frequently in geriatric dogs and are mainly neoplastic in nature. Clinical evaluation combined with advanced imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and computed tomography plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterization of hepatic lesions in dogs.

Growth Performance of HD-K75 Pigs and the Influence of Non-Genetic Factors on Body Weight at Different Ages

Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pig farming is an important livelihood source in Northeast India, but productivity is limited by the availability of improved and well-adapted breeds. The HD-K75 pig, developed under ICAR-AICRP, combines high growth potential with local adaptability. However, growth performance is influenced by non-genetic factors such as season, sex, and parity, making their evaluation important for effective breeding and management. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the growth performance of HD-K75 pigs and to assess the effects of season of birth, sex, and parity on body weight at birth, weaning (42 days), five months, and eight months of age. Performance records of 1,416 HD-K75 pigs maintained at the nucleus herd of ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Pigs, Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Khanapara, Guwahati were utilized. Data were analysed by least-squares analysis of variance following the model of Harvey (1990), and subclass means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The overall least-squares means (LSM ± SE) for body weight at birth, weaning, five months, and eight months of age were 1.059 ± 0.004, 11.779 ± 0.039, 45.178 ± 0.289, and 75.371 ± 0.515 kg, respectively. Season of birth exerted no significant effect on body weight at any of the ages studied. Sex had a significant influence only on birth weight, with male piglets being significantly heavier than females, whereas parity significantly affected body weight at birth and weaning but not at later ages. These findings indicate that HD-K75 pigs perform satisfactorily under the intensive management system practised at the nucleus herd and are well adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of Assam.

Analysis of Nutritional Quality Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Landraces through Variability and Correlation Studies

Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple crop for more than half of the world’s population and serves as a major dietary energy. However, polished rice grains are often deficient in essential Micronutrient such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and protein. Therefore, identification of genotypes possessing superior nutritional quality traits is important for rice bio-fortification programmes. To evaluate the extent of variability and the relationship among nutritional traits in rice landraces. Thirteen nutritional and grain quality traits were evaluated for genetic parameters. High GCV and PCV estimates were observed Fe content in polished rice (FEP), single plant yield (SPY) and Fe content in brown rice (FEB), indicating the existence of substantial variability among the genotypes. High heritability couples with high GAM were observed for SPY, FEB, ZNB and FEP, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and possibility of improvement through direct selection. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation between Zn content and Fe content in brown rice, protein content in brown rice with protein content in polished rice. The results indicated the presence of considerable variability for nutritional traits among the rice traditional genotypes, which can be effectively, utilized in future breeding programmes aimed at developing nutrient-rice rich varieties.

Economic Viability of Organic Vegetable Cultivation through Vermicompost Integration

N. Chandi Priya, N. Goutami, M. Narasimhudu, V. Vijaya Bhaskar — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Organic farming systems integrated with on-farm input generation are increasingly recognised for their potential to enhance farm profitability, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Vermicomposting, in particular, provides a cost-effective source of organic nutrients while creating an additional income stream for farmers.

Aim: This study evaluated the economic viability of organic vegetable cultivation integrated with on-farm vermicompost production under chemical-free farming conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India.

Methodology: The experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2025–2026 at the College of Horticulture, Chinalataripi, on a 784 m² vegetable cultivation area supported by a 150 m² vermicomposting unit. Nineteen vegetable crops representing cucurbits, solanaceous vegetables, leafy vegetables, tuber crops, and legumes were cultivated using exclusively organic inputs. Vermicompost was produced from locally available organic residues using Eisenia foetida earthworms. Economic indicators including gross income, net profit, benefit–cost ratio (BCR), and return on investment (ROI) were calculated.

Results: The vermicomposting unit produced 1,000 kg of vermicompost within six months, generating a net profit of Rs. 9,000 and a BCR of 1:1.82. Organic vegetable cultivation incurred an external input cost of Rs. 2,830 and generated a gross income of Rs. 22,000, resulting in a net profit of Rs. 19,170. The system achieved a BCR of 1:7.77 and an ROI of 677.4%. Leafy vegetables contributed the highest share of total income (47.5%). Integration of vermicompost production with crop cultivation increased total net income to Rs. 28,170 per season. Economic projections indicated that the model remains profitable and scalable at the one-acre level.

Conclusion: Vermicompost-integrated organic vegetable cultivation is a financially viable, environmentally sustainable, and scalable production system that can enhance farm income while reducing dependence on external inputs.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Quality Trait Analysis in the F₂ Population of a Yellow × Red-Colored Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Cross

Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Chilli is an economically important spice crop valued for its carotenoid pigments, pungency and nutraceutical properties; however, information on the inheritance of processing-quality traits in segregating populations remains limited.

Aims: To assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for horticultural, yield and quality traits in an F₂ population of chilli derived from the cross LCA-807 × LCA-657, with emphasis on carotenoid-related processing quality traits.

Study Design: Experimental field study using an F₂ segregating population.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted under open-field conditions at the College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh during the Summer, 2024.

Methodology: An F₂ population developed from the cross between red and yellow fruited chilli genotypes, LCA-807 and LCA-657, was evaluated for 19 morphological, biochemical and industrial-quality traits. Standard biometrical analyses were performed to estimate phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), broad-sense heritability and genetic advance to determine the extent of variability and nature of inheritance among the studied traits.

Results: The F₂ population exhibited wide phenotypic variation for growth, earliness, yield and carotenoid content, indicating extensive recombination among segregants. The highest variability was observed for red carotenoids with PCV and GCV values of 79.02% and 79.01%, respectively, followed by total colour value and dry fruit yield, suggesting strong genetic control with minimal environmental influence. High broad-sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for red carotenoids, total colour value, fresh fruit yield, dry fruit yield, oleoresin and ascorbic acid content, indicating the predominance of additive gene action and the effectiveness of direct selection for these traits.

Conclusion: The study revealed substantial genetic variability and strong inheritance for important yield and quality traits in the F₂ population of chilli. Traits showing high heritability and genetic advance can be effectively utilized in breeding programmes aimed at developing superior processing-type chilli genotypes with enhanced pigment concentration, yield and nutraceutical quality.

Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Zinc and Iron on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) var. Pusa Mukta

Sat, 30 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Aims: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is a biennial herbaceous vegetable crop, belongs to Brassicaceae family with the diploid chromosome number 2n =2x =18. The present investigation was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur to study the effect of soil and foliar application of Zinc and Iron on growth, yield and quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.).

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during Rabi season, 2025-26.

Methodology:The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two factors viz. first factor: soil application (4 levels, control, ZnSO₄ @20kg/ha, FeSO₄ @20kg/ha and ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @20kg/ha) and second factor: foliar application (4 levels, control, ZnSO₄ @100ppm at 25 DAT, FeSO₄ @100ppm at 25 DAT and ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @100ppm at 25 DAT) replicated thrice. The observed data was analyzed in OPSTAT.

Results: The results revealed significant differences among the factors and interactions. Among the treatment combination Superior growth, yield, quality parameters viz. maximum plant height (31.16 cm), plant spread (57.4 cm), minimum number of non-wrapper leaves per plant (10.343), maximum leaf area (953.38 cm²), head diameter (15.08 cm), minimum days taken to head initiation (51.27), head maturity (76.75), maximum fresh weight of head (1080.26 g), yield per plot (36.053 kg), total yield per hectare (52.03 t/ha), total soluble solids (7.44 ⁰Brix), ascorbic acid content (41.22 mg/100g) and chlorophyll content in leaves (74.37) were observed in the treatment combination of ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @ 20 kg/ha X ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @ 100 ppm at 25 days after transplanting (M₄T₄) whereas the minimum was observed in control.

Conclusion: Although these results are only indicative and require further experimentation to arrive at more consistent and credible conclusion, the treatment ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @ 20 kg/ha X ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄ @ 100 ppm at 25 days after transplanting (M₄T₄) may be recommended for obtaining higher yield and superior quality of Cabbage.

Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests of Mustard in Relation to Weather Variables in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Sat, 30 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop in India that is attacked by several major insect pests such as aphid, sawfly, cabbage butterfly, and painted bug, which cause significant yield losses. Their population dynamics are strongly influenced by weather factors like temperature and relative humidity, making it important to study their seasonal incidence for better pest management and forecasting. The present investigation was conducted at the Entomology Research Farm, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh during the rabi season of 2022–23 to study the seasonal incidence of major insect pests of mustard in relation to weather variables. Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi first appeared during the 48^th SMW and attained peak population (185.06 aphids/10 cm central shoot) during the 6^th SMW. Mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima reached peak population of 8.29 larvae/plant during the 7^th SMW, while cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae and painted bug, Bagrada hilaris recorded maximum populations of 2.36 larvae/plant and 5.33 bugs/plant during the 6^th and 4^th SMW, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that aphid population showed significant negative correlation with maximum (r = -0.599; p<0.05) and minimum temperature (r = -0.614; p<0.05), while painted bug also exhibited significant negative correlation with maximum (r = -0.768; p<0.01) and minimum temperature (r = -0.725; p<0.01). Evening relative humidity showed positive association with aphid (r = 0.558; p<0.05) and painted bug (r = 0.683; p<0.01) populations. The study indicated that weather parameters considerably influenced pest population dynamics in mustard crop.

Comparative Evaluation of Bioagents, Botanical Extracts, and Fungicides for Enhancing Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour in Brassica juncea

Yaragorla Hanumantha Rao, Mukesh Srivastava, Siddharth Singh — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Seed-borne pathogens, particularly Alternaria brassicae, cause significant losses in Brassica juncea by reducing germination, lowering seedling vigour, and increasing early-season mortality. Eco-friendly seed treatment approaches using bioagents and botanical extracts may offer viable alternatives to chemical fungicides by enhancing seed health and crop stand establishment. Seventeen treatments comprising bioagents (Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis), botanical extracts (garlic, ginger, turmeric, tulsi, lantana), and fungicides (Carbendazim + Mancozeb, Difenoconazole, Trifloxystrobin, Fluxapyroxad, Penflufen) were evaluated using the standard blotter method (ISTA guidelines). Germination percentage, seedling length, and seed vigour index (SVI) were recorded from three replications in a completely randomized design, and treatment means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% probability level. Allium sativum (garlic) extract achieved the highest germination (96%), seedling length (4.1 cm), and vigour index (393.6), followed by Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract (92%, 3.8 cm, 349.6) and the Trichoderma harzianum + T. viride consortium (92%, 3.6 cm, 331.2). Under laboratory conditions, botanical extracts generally performed better than bioagents and fungicides in enhancing vigour, while fungicide treatments showed moderate efficacy with mild phytotoxic effects at the concentrations tested. The untreated control recorded the lowest values (56%, 2.0 cm, 112.0). Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant inter-treatment differences (SEm ± 0.91; CD₀₅ = 2.63 for germination percentage). These findings suggest that garlic and ginger extracts, as well as Trichoderma-based consortia, are cost effective and environmentally compatible alternatives to chemical fungicides for integrated seed health management in mustard cultivation.

Optimizing Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Yield through Canopy Pruning in a Dalbergia sissoo Agrisilviculture System

Vijay Bagare, Yogesh Kumar, Sandeep Chouhan, S.R.K Singh — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Agrisilviculture systems integrating multipurpose tree species with medicinal and spice crops can improve land productivity and ecological sustainability. However, excessive canopy competition may reduce understorey crop performance, making canopy management essential for optimizing yield. A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2014-15 in a well-established 16-year-old Dalbergia sissoo DC. plantation at the research farm of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (23 deg 18 min N, 79 deg 59 min E; 411.78 m a.m.s.l.), to evaluate the effect of four pruning intensities on the growth, leaf area index (LAI), and rhizome yield of intercropped turmeric (Curcuma longa L., var. Suroma). The experiment was laid out in a Strip Plot Design with four replications. Main treatments comprised P0 (no pruning), P1 (25% pruning), P2 (50% pruning), and P3 (75% pruning) of the D. sissoo canopy, with an open (no-tree) control. Plant height, stem diameter, and LAI were recorded at 30-day intervals from 30 to 180 days after planting (DAP) and at harvest. Yield-attributing characters and fresh rhizome yield (kg ha⁻¹) were recorded at harvest. Results demonstrated that P1 (25% pruning) consistently produced the highest values across all growth and yield parameters. Maximum fresh rhizome yield (3,385.9 kg ha⁻¹) was recorded under P1, followed by P2 (3,221.3 kg ha⁻¹), P0 (3,072.8 kg ha⁻¹), open condition (3,012.9 kg ha⁻¹), and the lowest under P3 (2,960.6 kg ha⁻¹). These findings demonstrate that moderate pruning of the D. sissoo canopy at 25% creates a favourable microenvironment for turmeric production and is recommended for agrisilviculture systems in the Mahakoshal region of central India.

Mapping Salinity Tolerance QTLs at Early Seedling Stage in Rice Using F\(_2\) Mapping Population

K. Vijaya Durga, P. V. Satyanarayana, P. Venkata Raman Rao, K. Jayalalitha — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Salinity stress is one of the most widespread soil problem next to drought, in rice growing areas around the globe. Genetically improving salt tolerance in rice is a highly important in rice breeding programs. In this investigation, QTL analysis of seven physiological traits related to salt tolerance at seedling stage was carried out using F₂ population derived from a cross between a salt-tolerant variety, MTU 1061 (Indra), and a salt-sensitive variety, MTU 1121 (Sri Druthi). 234 F_2:3 lines were evaluated for salt tolerance at seedling stage in a hydroponics experiment. Genotyping was carried out using 234 chosen F₂ plants with 104 polymorphic SSR markers, yielding a genetic linkage map extending 2956.12 cM of whole rice genome. Applying the Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM), a total of 51 QTLs were detected as follows; two QTLs for SIS score, four QTLs for shoot Na⁺ concentration, two QTLs for shoot K⁺ concentration, 16 QTLs for NaK ratio, 17 QTLs for shoot length, six QTLs for root length and four QTLs for shoot dry weight. Out of the 51 QTLs, one of the QTL qNaK-1-1 position was corresponding to Saltol locus on chromosome 1. The phenotypic variation explained by these QTLs ranged from 0.1 to 11% of the total variation. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of the genetic basis of salt tolerance mechanism in rice and identifies potential QTLs for future breeding efforts utilizing MAS.

Quality of Lemongrass Leaves under Khamer-Based Agroforestry: Effect of Pruning Intensity and Nutrient Supply on Essential Oil Content

Sunita Patel, Yogesh Kumar, G.S. Chouhan, Sandeep Chouhan — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is an economically important aromatic crop widely cultivated for its essential oil, yet its productivity under tree-based agroforestry systems in central India remains poorly documented. Pruning directly influences the light environment experienced by understorey crops, with intensive pruning enhancing the availability of photosynthetically active radiation. However, excessive pruning may adversely affect cumulative biomass production and metabolite accumulation. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of pruning intensity and nutrient management on the essential oil content of lemongrass grown under Gmelina arborea (Khamer)-based agroforestry, and to identify the optimal combination of these practices for maximizing oil yield in such systems. A two-year field experiment (2021–22 and 2022–23) was conducted at a farmer's field in Village Gram Para, Bargi Dam area, District Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Four pruning intensities (P0 – no pruning, P25 – 25%, P50 – 50%, and P75 – 75% canopy removal) were assigned as main-plot treatments, and four nutrient management regimes (T1 – inorganic fertilizer at 60:40:40 N:P:K kg ha⁻¹, T2 – organic manure at 3.5 t ha⁻¹, T3 – vermicompost at 15 t ha⁻¹, and T4 – control) as sub-plot treatments, laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate for a split-plot design. Treatment means were compared using the critical difference (CD) at the 5% level of significance. All analyses were performed in SPSS v16.0. Essential oil content (%) was significantly reduced with increasing pruning intensity across both years and pooled data; the unpruned control (P0) recorded the highest pooled mean oil content (0.66%), significantly superior to the most intensively pruned treatment P75 (0.16%). Among nutrient treatments, vermicompost (T3) produced the highest pooled mean essential oil content (0.52%), significantly surpassing inorganic fertilizer (T1) and the control (T4), while T1 and organic manure (T2) were statistically at par. These findings demonstrate that minimal pruning combined with vermicompost application constitutes the most effective management strategy for maximizing lemongrass essential oil quality under Khamer-based agroforestry conditions in central India. The finding shows that P0 and P25 were significantly superior to P75 across all years and have practical implications for agroforestry management in the AABR region. Farmers practising intensive annual pruning (P75) to reduce shade on understorey crops face a substantial trade-off: while light availability may increase, lemongrass essential oil quality — and hence commercial value — is severely compromised.

Host Plant-dependent Variation in Growth and Developmental Traits of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Nikhitha Gangavarapu, S. Bhattacharya, D. S. Dhakre, S. Pal — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Aims: Spodoptera litura is a major polyphagous pest causing significant economic losses across diverse crops. This study evaluated the influence of different host plants on developmental biology and morphometric characteristics of S. litura to identify hosts affecting pest performance for sustainable management strategies.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments (host plants) and 20 replications per treatment (n = 100 total larvae).

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India, during 2023-24 under controlled laboratory conditions.

Methodology: Five host plants viz; castor, cabbage, mustard, brinjal, and red gram were cultivated organically for feeding S litura larvae. Egg masses collected from naturally infested castor plants were used to establish a laboratory colony. Individual larvae were reared separately in ventilated plastic containers under controlled conditions. Fresh leaves were provided daily, and containers were cleaned regularly to maintain hygiene. Morphometric parameters and developmental durations of different life stages were recorded daily using standard measuring methods, while pupae and adults were observed for sex determination and longevity studies. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in Jamovi software, and significant differences among treatments were compared using Tukey’s HSD test at p < 0.05.

Results: Development and morphometrics varied significantly across host plants. Castor-fed larvae showed optimal overall performance with the shortest lifecycle (30.35 ± 2.27 days), while cabbage supported the fastest larval development but the longest 5th instar larvae (3.8595 ± 0.06 cm). Red gram and brinjal extended larval periods and produced smaller adults. Mustard-fed larvae had the longest total lifecycle (41.65 ± 0.34 days) but the highest adult longevity (9.3 ± 0.14 days). This study demonstrated that host plant selection significantly affects the developmental biology and morphometric traits of Spodoptera litura, with castor supporting optimal growth and rapid development, while red gram and brinjal resulted in slower development and reduced body size.

Conclusion: Poor-performing hosts such as red gram and brinjal may be incorporated into crop rotation or trap-cropping strategies to suppress Spodoptera litura populations and support sustainable pest management. Further studies are needed to understand the biochemical basis of host plant effects and validate these findings under field conditions for effective integrated pest management applications.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Various Bio-Regulators on Flowering and Yield Attributes of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is an important commercial flower crop widely cultivated for ornamental, religious, and industrial purposes; however, its flowering and yield are greatly influenced by plant growth regulators and environmental conditions. This investigation, was carried out during the Rabi season of 2020–21 at Horticulture Research Farm-I, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The trial was arranged using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications, more or less. Basically, the treatments were foliar sprays of gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 50, 100, and 200 ppm, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 100, 200, and 300 ppm, and Ethrel at 200, 300, 400 ppm. Alongside these, a control was maintained with just water spray. The outcomes showed that these bio-regulators had a strong and noticeable impact on flowering, yield, and the related traits of African marigold. When it comes to overall performance, GA₃ at 200 ppm turned out to be the best. It led to early bud initiation around 48.79 days, and also supported a longer flowering interval of 48.90 days. Other measured effects also favored this treatment, like an increased flower stalk length of 9.51 cm, higher number of flowers per plant (28.01), and bigger flower diameter (9.35 cm). For yield, GA₃ at 200 ppm produced the greatest flower yield, with 346.90 g per plant and 183.81 q per hectare. Ethrel at 400 ppm recorded the maximum flower weight (11.97 g), but it also caused a delay in flowering, you could say. Meanwhile, the control plants did not perform as well in most traits compared to the treated ones. So, the study can be concluded as, foliar spraying of GA₃ at 200 ppm is a highly effective option for improving flowering, flower yield, and overall quality of African marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda, particularly under subtropical weather.

Flow Cytometry-assisted Screening of Gamma Irradiation-induced Nuclear DNA Content Variations in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Genotypes

Dennis Obonyo, Miriam G. Kinyua, Kennedy C. Pkania, Emmy Chepkoech — Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Gamma irradiation is a widely used physical mutagen in plant breeding capable of inducing a variety of DNA variations and chromosomal aberrations that manifest in the genome; therefore, flow cytometry (FCM), the gold-standard technique for estimating nuclear DNA content, provides a rapid, high-resolution method for DNA nuclear content quantification, enabling precise evaluation of irradiation effects on crops such as cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by measuring 2C nuclear DNA content with DNA stains such as propidium iodide (PI). This study assessed the impact of gamma irradiation on the infraspecific diversity of three cassava genotypes (CAS-1, CAS-2, CAS-3) using an incomplete factorial design with doses ranging from 0 to 30 Gy. Nuclear DNA content was estimated relative to Zea mays cv. CE-777 as an internal reference standard, and statistical analyses were performed using Welch ANOVA and Games–Howell post hoc tests. Results revealed clear genotype-specific responses: CAS-1 remained stable across all doses (≤0.5% change); CAS-2 exhibited modest reductions at 15–25 Gy (−0.8 to −1.6%); and CAS-3 showed a significant increase at 15 Gy (+4.5%), accompanied by endoreplication peaks (2C–32C) indicative of irradiation-induced polyploidization. Welch ANOVA confirmed highly significant genotype × irradiation dose interactions (η² = 0.989), and post hoc clustering separated irradiated CAS-3 nuclei into a distinct group. These findings highlight cassava’s genomic plasticity under gamma-ray mutagenic stress, with CAS-1 demonstrating stability, CAS-2 showing vulnerability to DNA loss, and CAS-3 exhibiting expansion and altered cell cycle regulation. The study underscores the utility of FCM in detecting subtle genomic shifts and providing insights into tailored gamma irradiation strategies for cassava improvement, particularly in breeding programs targeting enhanced diversity and disease resistance, i.e., cassava brown streak disease.

Impact of Chlormequat Chloride and Maleic Hydrazide on Morpho-physiological Parameters in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

K. Tressa Naidu, A. R. Nirmal Kumar, V. Umamahesh, P. Maheswara Reddy — Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Rice is a key staple crop supporting global food security, particularly in Asia. In coastal rice-growing regions, increasing climate variability, including heavy rainfall and flooding at maturity, has led to greater incidences of lodging and pre-harvest sprouting, resulting in yield and quality losses. Plant growth regulators such as chlormequat chloride and maleic hydrazide are used to modify plant architecture, regulate growth, and improve physiological efficiency. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of growth regulators, specifically maleic hydrazide and chlormequat chloride, on the growth and physiological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The field experiment was conducted on rice at the wetland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and seven treatments. The treatments comprised T₁ -Control; T₂ - Maleic hydrazide @ 5000 ppm; T₃ - Maleic hydrazide @ 10,000 ppm; T₄ - Maleic hydrazide @ 15,000 ppm; T₅ - Chlormequat chloride @ 250 ppm; T₆ - Chlormequat chloride @ 500 ppm and T₇ - Chlormequat chloride @ 750 ppm during rabi, 2020 -21. Among the treatments, chlormequat chloride @ 500 ppm (T₆) recorded superior growth performance with higher number of leaves plant-1 (62.00), maximum culm diameter (6.09 mm) and root length (26.15 cm) along with reduced specific leaf area (208.99 cm2 g-1), higher specific leaf weight (59.04 g m-2) and chlorophyll content (2.24 mg g-1). These findings show that chlormequat chloride mainly improved structural growth and biomass production, while maleic hydrazide enhanced leaf physiological traits. Overall, the study highlights that the proper use of growth regulators can improve growth efficiency and performance in rice.

Biology and Phenology of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) in Wet Direct Seeded Rice under Humid Tropical Conditions

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Weed infestation is a major limitation in wet direct-seeded rice systems, and changes in cultivation practices have increased the dominance of sedge weeds. Fimbristylis miliacea has become a serious weed due to its rapid growth, early maturity, and high seed production, making its control difficult. Understanding its biology and phenology is important for developing effective management strategies.

Aims: To study the phenology, growth, floral biology, seed characteristics, and propagation behaviour of F. miliacea under wet direct-seeded rice conditions.

Study Design: Field experiment under wet direct-seeded rice ecosystem.

Place and Duration of Study: Farmer’s field at Moncompu, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India during kharif 2023 (August–December 2023).

Methodology: Ten randomly selected plants of F. miliacea from weedy check plots were tagged and observed from germination to maturity. Phenological stages, growth parameters, floral traits, and seed characters were recorded and statistically analysed using mean, standard deviation, and standard error.

Results: Fimbristylis miliacea completed its life cycle within 76–95 days under humid tropical conditions. Germination occurred within 3–7 days and flowering within 25–32 days. The weed attained a mean height of 82.41 cm and produced an average of 6.2 tillers per plant. High reproductive potential was observed with 91.3 spikelets per inflorescence and 28,394 seeds per plant. The weed produced minute lightweight seeds (0.0332 g per 1000 seeds), which were shed along with glumes after maturity, contributing to persistent soil seed banks and effective dispersal.

Conclusion: Rapid growth, early maturity, prolific seed production, and efficient seed dispersal enable F. miliacea to persist and dominate wet direct-seeded rice ecosystems. Timely integrated management strategies targeting early growth and reproductive stages are essential for effective control.

K- Cluster Diversity Analysis among Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Accessions for Growth, Yield and Processing Quality Traits

Soumya Shetty, B. T. Krishnaprasad, Geetha Govind — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In India, there is a great scope for cultivation of potato suitable for processing and it has opened a new dimension for development of agro-based industries in the country. For processing, certain morphological, bio-chemical and physico-chemical attributes are necessary in potato varieties to meet the industry requirements. The varieties recommended for one location and management conditions may not be the same for other location for production and processing. However, the yield and processing characteristics of available potato genotypes are unidentified locally despite the increasing demand of processing varieties. In the present study, K-means clustering is mainly used to assess the diversity and to identify accessions with suitable processing quality traits. The field experiment was conducted at HREC, Hassan during 2021-22. Clustering analysis of thirty-five genotypes based on twenty-three different growth, yield and processing quality parameters classified entries into eight different clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between the clusters IV and VII (258.00) followed by cluster V and VI (254.92). The minimum inter cluster distance was recorded between the clusters II and VII (41.73). Among the genotypes, genotypes grouped in cluster I (Sagitta, FC-1, FC-5 and Kufri Surya) and II (Tauras, MP/09-45, Atlantic, Kufri Chipsona-1, Kufri Girdhari, FC-3 and Kufri Chipsona-4) were found suitable for processing. Genotypes in cluster I had highest tuber shape scoring (4.63) whereas, cluster V (2.88) was lowest. Dry matter was highest for genotypes in cluster II (22.50) and lowest in cluster-V (18.14). These results suggest that the genotypes grouped in these clusters may be used as potential parental lines for hybridization programmes to develop desirable genotype suitable for cultivation under rainfed conditions for higher yield with processing quality grade tubers.

Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Variability and Trait Association in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Bhawana Gurah, Neeraj Kumar, Ram Avtar, Amit Sharma, Vishal Gaaru, Manvi Singh — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Genetic improvement of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) depends on the availability of exploitable genetic variability and a clear understanding of the relationships among yield-contributing traits. Identification of key selection criteria and genetically diverse parental lines is essential for enhancing seed yield and productivity.

Aim: The study aims to assess genetic variability, trait associations, direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits, and genetic divergence among Indian mustard genotypes for yield improvement.

Methods: Sixty Indian mustard genotypes along with two standard checks (RH 725 and RH 749) were evaluated during the Rabi season of 2023–24 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, using an augmented design. Nineteen morpho-physiological and yield-attributing traits were recorded. Genetic variability parameters, phenotypic and genotypic correlations, path coefficient analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were employed to identify important selection traits and genetically diverse genotypes.

Results: Substantial genetic variability was observed for most traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean, were recorded for seed yield per plant, secondary branches per plant, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid content, indicating predominance of additive gene action. Seed yield exhibited significant positive correlations with siliqua length, seeds per siliqua, siliquae on the main shoot, branching traits, plant height, 1000-seed weight, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content. Path analysis revealed that siliqua length exerted the highest positive direct effect on seed yield, followed by seeds per siliqua, plant height, siliquae on the main shoot, 1000-seed weight, and stomatal conductance. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into four distinct clusters, with the greatest genetic divergence observed between Clusters I and II. Genotypes Pusa Krishma, M 35, JD 6, and TM-106 were identified as superior for multiple desirable traits.

Conclusion: Siliqua length, seeds per siliqua, branching traits, and physiological efficiency parameters emerged as reliable selection criteria for seed yield improvement. Crosses involving genetically divergent and high-performing genotypes from Clusters I and II may facilitate the development of superior, high-yielding Indian mustard cultivars.

Culturable Suitability of Bare Soils under Sorghum in Arid Zone of Burkina Faso

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Aims: Farmers’ perception of soil fertility is based primarily on the condition of the soil surface. Thus, the absence of vegetation cover is seen as a sign of poor soil unsuitable for agriculture. Unfortunately, the area of these bare soils is increasing dramatically, which could impact the food security of a growing number of households. This study aims to characterize the suitability of bare soils for sorghum cultivation in the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso.

Study Design: A soil survey and excavation on each delimited plot allowed for the characterization of the soil present.

Place and Duration of Study: This assessment of crop suitability was conducted in 2019 on four bare soil plots in the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso.

Methodology: A soil profile was excavated on each soil type 5 m from the trial site using the systematic grid method. After describing the profile’s environment, the colors of each horizon were evaluated using the Munsell color system. The morpho-pedological and analytical characteristics of these four soils were compared to sorghum requirements to assess their suitability for cultivation.

Results: Results showed that the two ferrics epipetrics plinthosols are unsuitable for sorghum cultivation, severely limited by their thinness and erosion (N_re) to Gouéré. At Arbollé, ferric endo-petroplinthic lixisol (Toyendé) and hyperferric endo-petroplinthic lixisol (Zogbèga) were marginally suitable due to rooting conditions and erosion (S_3re or S_3e).

Conclusion: However, these different soils have an average nutrient content, illustrating that physical soil degradation is not always accompanied by chemical degradation.

Epidemiological Study on Bovine Theileriosis in and around Bidar District, Karnataka, India

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Animals recovering from acute infection often become carriers, serving as a potential source of infection for susceptible healthy animals. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and effective control measures are essential to reduce mortality and production losses associated with the disease. The present study on bovine theileriosis was conducted in and around Bidar district of Karnataka with an aim to determine the disease prevalence using retrospective (April 2021–March 2024) and prospective (April 2024–March 2025) study. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs of pyrexia, lymph-node enlargement, tick infestation suggestive of theileriosis, blood smear examination and molecular diagnosis (PCR). A total of 1478 cattle were examined, of which 116 were positive, with an overall prevalence of 7.85%. Retrospective analysis showed a lower prevalence (2.93%) compared to a significantly higher prevalence (16.79%) in the prospective study, indicating improved detection through combined clinical, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears, and PCR-based diagnostic methods.Higher prevalence was observed in female cattle and crossbred animals, particularly Jersey crossbreds, although differences were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Age-wise analysis revealed a significant association (p < 0.05), with higher prevalence in calves (<2 years) and older animals (>6 years). Seasonally, the disease was more prevalent during summer, though it occurred throughout the year.The study confirms that bovine theileriosis is endemicin the region and shows the importance of molecular diagnostics for accurate detection. Implementation of strategic tick control and routine screening is essential to reduce economic losses and improve cattle health.

Genetic Divergence and Phenotypic Characterization of a Selected Diverse Set of Desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Accessions Using Multivariate Analysis

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume for global food security, yet its improvement is often hindered by a narrow genetic base. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence and phenotypic structure of 24 chickpea accessions, comprising 10 Desi types, 10 Kabuli types, and 4 standard check varieties. The field experiment was conducted at ICRISAT using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, recording data on 15 quantitative traits and 7 qualitative characters. Multivariate analysis comprising of Hierarchical Clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the material. The clustering analysis grouped the genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster IV was composed entirely of check varieties which exhibited the highest seed yield (215.94 g) and 100-seed weight (21.06 g), along with the earliest maturity (92 days). Conversely, Cluster II consisted of 7 Kabuli and 1 desi genotypes characterized by high vegetative vigor but the lowest seed yield (94.83 g). The maximum inter-cluster distance (7.04) was recorded between Clusters II and IV. It suggested that crosses between these groups could yield superior combinations. PCA revealed that the first five principal components accounted for 82.52% of the total phenotypic variance. PC1 (32.19%) was primarily composed of phenological and branching traits, but PC2 (19.05%) indicated a trade-off between seed weight and pod number. The analysis showed significant phenotypic diversity and identified key traits as primary targets for selection. These findings provide a strategic framework to exploit genetic divergence and enhance yield potential through targeted hybridization programs. The identified genetically divergent accessions and key yield-associated traits can serve as valuable parental resources for chickpea improvement programs. The findings will aid breeders and researchers in developing high-yielding, early maturing, and genetically diverse chickpea cultivars through strategic hybridization and selection approaches.

An Update on Pathological Changes in Canine Demodicosis

Ram Chander, Gagan Chawla, Sunita Choudhary — Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Canine demodicosis is an important parasitic skin disease associated with proliferation of Demodex mites in hair follicles and sebaceous glands, leading to dermatological and systemic alterations. A total of 240 dermatitis cases studied in dogs at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner, Rajasthan, from the period of September 2018 to February 2019. Out of these, 25 dogs were positive for demodicosis was diagnosed by examination of deep skin scrapings. In this study, 19 were affected with generalised demodicosis and 6 were affected with localized demodicosis. In deep skin scrapings, demodectic mites were detected.

Haematological studies in canine demodicosis cases revealed anemia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinophilia. Serum biochemistry in canine demodicosis cases revealed hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, increased level of SGPT and SGOT. Mineral study in the canine demodicosis revealed decreased level of serum zinc, copper and iron.

Histopathological changes in canine demodicosis showed desquamation and degeneration of external root sheath cells with pigment deposition, necrotic hair follicle markedly distended and filled with keratin, debris and purulent material. In present study histopathology revealed cross section of the mite in the epidermis with hyperpigmentation.

Population Dynamics of Fruit Borer, H. armigera and Their Correlation with Abiotic Factors

Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Insect pests are a serious constraint on global tomato production. Fruit borer is causes a sever tomato pests that cause significantly crop damage. The study analyzed the correlation between fruit borer and abiotic factor in tomato during the Kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. The study was carried out at instructional farm, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Bikaner (Rajasthan). The incidence of H. armigera on tomato started in the 35th standard meteorological week during Kharif, 2023 and 2024. The initial mean populations of larvae were 0.99 and 0.53 per plant in the 35^th SMW and fruit damage started in the 38th SMW (third week of October) in both the years of study with 10.90 and 12.78 per cent fruit damage during Kharif, 2023 and 2024, respectively. After that, the fruit borer population gradually increased and reached to peak with 4.96 and 5.12 larvae per plant and fruit damage with 30.38 and 32.26 per cent during the 41st standard meteorological week of Kharif, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Thereafter, pest population declined gradually and reached to the minimum of 0.05 and 0.26 larvae per plant in the fourth week of November (48th SMW), at the time of harvesting of the crop during Kharif 2023 and 2024, respectively. The maximum temperature showed significant positive and morning and evening relative humidity depicted a significant negative and significant positive correlation with larval population of H. armigera during Kharif 2023 and 2024, respectively. The maximum temperature showed a significant positive correlation with per cent fruit damage during Kharif 2024.

Assessment and Characterization of the Benthic Fauna in Omoku (Orashi) and Ikiri (Sombreiro) Rivers in Rivers State, Nigeria

I. C. Orike, P. C. Wosu, Ishaku, Adamu, Orike, Chukwukere — Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Freshwater ecosystems are highly productive and essential for biodiversity and human needs, providing services such as water supply, fisheries, and nutrient cycling. Benthic fauna serves as important bioindicators because their diversity and abundance reflect changes in water quality, pollution levels, and habitat conditions.

Aim: The study aim at assessing the characteristics of benthic fauna in Omoku (Orashi) and Ikiri (Sombreiro) Rivers in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Observational and descriptive study design were adopted. This design involved noting, recording and describing data from the two rivers that were earmarked for the study.

Methodology: Three replicates of sediment samples were collected from five stations in 12 months (February 2023 – January 2024). The sediment samples were transferred to a linen sieve in order to remove the excess fine sediment; the residue sediment was transferred into a wide-mouth bucket. Samples were preserved with 10% formalin and stained with Eosin stain to enable coloration of the organisms in the sediment for easy sorting and identification.

Result: Total abundance of macro-benthic organisms recorded stood at 3444 from 18 taxa (Omoku River having1914 individuals and Ikiri River, 1530 individuals). The most abundant organisms were Notomastustetericeus, 999(29.0%); Chironomus sp., 709(20.6%) and Marphysa sp., 644(18.7%). Calculating Species Richness (Taxa_S), Omoku River comprised of 13 taxa while Ikiri River had 9 taxa. Dominance Index (D):Omoku River (0.19) and Ikiri River (0.18). Simpson’s Diversity Index (1-D) of Omoku River was 0.81 and that of Ikiri River, 0.82. The Shannon-Wiener Index (H), Omoku River: 1.97 and Ikiri River: 1.86. For Evenness (e^H/S) computation: - Omoku River (0.51) and Ikiri River (0.71). Margalef Richness Index showed that Omoku River is 1.72 and Ikiri River is 1.09.

Conclusion: The study shows that the ecological health of the Omoku (Orashi) and Ikiri (Sombreiro) Rivers varies from moderately affected to fairly stable, attributed to human activities. Conclusively, the study underscores the pressing necessity for sustainable management practices, encompassing pollution mitigation, oversight of industrial and agricultural effluents, and the preservation of riparian ecosystems.

Molecular and Phenotypic Confirmation of Advanced Breeding Lines for Gall Midge Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A. Sravani, Y. Hari, V. Venkanna, R. Shravan Kumar — Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Asian Rice Gall Midge is one of the most important pests of rice, causing substantial yield losses in major rice-growing regions. WGL-962 (Warangal Vari-2) is a high-yielding, short-duration rice variety with medium slender grains; however, it is susceptible to gall midge infestation. To improve gall midge resistance in this variety, the resistance gene Gm4 was introgressed from the donor parent DRR 2313 through marker assisted pedigree breeding. A total of 33 advanced breeding lines developed from the cross WGL 962 × DRR 2313 were evaluated during Kharif 2025 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, through phenotypic screening and molecular confirmation to identify gall midge-resistant lines. Molecular screening was carried out using the functional marker LRR-del for confirmation of the presence of the Gm4 gene. Among the 33 lines evaluated, 19 lines were found positive for the Gm4 resistance gene. The phenotypic evaluation of the lines carrying the Gm4 resistance gene under field conditions revealed that, one line, WGLB-25-7, exhibited a highly resistant reaction with no damage, while two lines, WGLB-25-1 and WGL 2259, showed resistant reactions. The remaining 16 lines were categorized as moderately resistant. These identified resistant lines may serve as valuable genetic resources for the development of gall midge-resistant rice varieties with desirable agronomic traits.

Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Combined Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Momordica charantia against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Medicinal plants have been integral to world healthcare in recent years and continue to hold significant value in both developed and developing countries due to their various chemotherapeutic applications. Although Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Momordica charantia (MC) are commonly utilised in the treatment of liver problems, most research has concentrated on the hepatoprotective properties of each plant in isolation.

Aim: The research sought to assess the hepatoprotective effectiveness of the combination ethanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Momordica charantia in mitigating acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats.

Study Design: The study employed the usage of completely randomised design.

Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out at the Department of Biological Sciences Education at Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Ghana, between February 2023 and September 2023.

Methodology: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups, each of which had five rats. Group 1 served as the normal control and received normal saline daily for 28 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced in vivo in all animals of Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 with the oral administration of 3000 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol once daily for 14 days. Groups 2, 4, 5, and 6 received oral administrations of silymarin (100 mg/kg B.W), ethanolic leaf extract of V. amygdalina (100 mg/kg B.W), M. charantia (100 mg/kg B.W), and a combination of 100 mg/kg V. amygdalina and 100 mg/kg M. charantia daily for 14 days. Group 3 served as the acetaminophen control and received no treatment. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted on Vernonia amygdalina, Momordica charantia, and the two together. Haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed utilising automated analysers, while light microscopy was utilised to examine the liver histostructure.

Results: The initial phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of several distinct phytochemicals. The findings of this investigation indicated that Wistar rats administered silymarin, V. amygdalina, Momordica charantia, and the combination extracts exhibited no significant (P>0.05) impact on haematological markers. Nevertheless, untreated rats exhibited a considerable (P<0.05) elevation in white blood cell count. Paracetamol at a dosage of 3000 mg/kg significantly induced hepatic toxicity, as seen by elevated serum liver enzyme activity. The histological analysis of liver architecture revealed a reduction in the incidence of paracetamol-induced hepatic lesions in all treated animals. The combined ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Momordica charantia had similar hepatoprotective effects compared to their individual extracts, as evidenced by aminotransferase activity.

Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that V. amygdalina, M. charantia, and the combination of V. amygdalina and M. charantia exhibited similar hepatoprotective effects.

Role of Chilling Temperature and Chilling Duration in Overcoming Physiological Seed Dormancy in Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Shinn.)

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chilling treatment is an effective method to improve the seed germination efficiency of Lisianthus. Further, there is limited research on the combined influence of different chilling temperatures and treatment durations on germination behaviour, seedling vigour and early seedling development. Therefore, the present study focused on the influence of different chilling temperatures and durations on germination and its attributing characters of Lisianthus. The experiment consisted of 16 treatments and three replications. Among the different chilling treatments, the seeds exposed to 3°C for 11 days (T₂D₃) had a positive impact on most of the germination and seedling parameters viz., germination (93%), germination energy (91.60%), germination value (6.13), less days taken for initiation and completion of germination (7.00 and 11.04, respectively), less mean germination time (6.26 days), more survival rate (76.33 %), vigour index (1066), highest plumule (5.27mm) and radicle length (6.20mm), took less time for emergence of first true leaf pair (7.33 days), second true leaf pair (21.33 days) and third true leaf pair (35.33 days), highest seedling fresh (2.10 g) and dry weight (0.63 g). From this study, it can be concluded that chilling at 3°C for 11 days can be used to improve seed germination of Lisianthus seeds, as it effectively weakened the endosperm barrier and stimulated α-amylase activity, which facilitated faster germination and balanced seedling growth.

Stability Analysis of Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) Across Sowing Environments

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a climate-resilient pulse crop valued for its adaptability to marginal environments and rice-fallow ecosystems. However, genotype × environment (G × E) interaction often limits the identification of high-yielding and broadly adapted genotypes.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the stability and adaptability of grasspea genotypes for seed yield across different sowing environments and to identify stable, high-performing genotypes suitable for cultivation and breeding programmes.

Methods: Twenty-five grasspea genotypes, including three check varieties, were evaluated during the rabi season of 2024–25 at Raipur, India. Three sowing dates (20 November, 1 December, and 10 December 2024) were considered as distinct environments, and the experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design with two replications. Stability parameters were estimated using the Eberhart and Russell regression model based on mean performance, regression coefficient (bi), and deviation from regression (S²di).

Results: Pooled analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes, environments, and genotype × environment interactions for seed yield per plant. Significant genotype × environment (linear) interaction indicated differential responses of genotypes to environmental changes. The genotypes AKL-19, IFLA118-S4, IFLA220-S1, IFLA2441-S14, IFLA2750-S4, Mahateora, and IGC-2012-74/10-7-S9 exhibited superior mean yield, regression coefficients close to unity, and non-significant deviations from regression, indicating stable performance across environments.

Conclusion: The identified stable genotypes demonstrated wide adaptability and consistent yield performance under varying sowing conditions, making them promising candidates for cultivation and utilisation in grasspea improvement programmes aimed at enhancing yield stability and productivity.

Estimates of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L. Var. hortense) for Yield and Quality Attributes

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Germplasm evaluation constitutes a fundamental approach for the identification of superior and agronomically important genotypes. The extensive natural variation observed among genotypes indicates considerable potential for the improvement of economically important traits. Genetic variability parameters, including genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance, and the correlation among yield-contributing traits, are of critical importance in the formulation and implementation of effective plant breeding strategies. The present study evaluated 26 garden pea genotypes to assess genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for important growth, yield and quality traits. Significant variation was observed among all the genotypes, indicating wide genetic diversity and good scope for crop improvement. The all genotypes involved in the study varied highly significant for all horticultural traits.Higher PCV than GCV values for all traits revealed the influence of environmental factors on character expression. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for traits such as plant height, pod length, number of seeds per pod, TSS, sugar content and pod yield, indicating the predominance of additive gene action and effectiveness of direct selection. The results also indicated that environmental influence on most traits was comparatively low. Therefore, phenotypic selection can be considered reliable for crop improvement. The identified superior traits may serve as important selection indices in future breeding programmes. The study concluded that these traits can be effectively utilized in breeding programmes for developing high-yielding and quality garden pea varieties. Overall, the study provides valuable information for the genetic improvement of garden pea under Eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions.

Sustainable Utilization of Farm Residues for Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus florida Production

Jyothy Narayanan, M. Sreeja — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Agricultural residues rich in lignocellulose are generated in large quantities and often remain underutilized. Their conversion into edible mushrooms offers an environmentally sustainable approach for waste management and value addition.

Aims: To evaluate selected lignocellulosic farm residues for their suitability in oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida production.

Study Design: Completely Randomized Design.

Place and Duration of Study: Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station (AMPRS), Odakkali, Ernakulam, Kerala, between November 2023 and February 2024.

Methodology: A total of eight treatments with three replications composed of major farm residues including spent lemongrass, cowpea pod shell and vetiver grass and their combinations have been used as substrates along with paddy straw 100 % as check, and growth and yield parameters of P. florida were documented.

Results: The mean number of days for primordial development (24.67) and first harvest (26) was found to be lowest in paddy straw 100 %. The total number of days for harvests in cowpea pod shell 50% + paddy straw 50% was 115.67 followed by paddy straw 100 % (96.33) and their mean number of harvests ranged from 7-8. The mean total yield of fresh mushroom per 2 kg substrate were also found highest for paddy straw 100 % (572.67 g) followed by cowpea pod shell 50% + paddy straw 50% (496.33 g).

Conclusion: The study on evaluation of selected agro- residues in AMPRS farm revealed that paddy straw 100 per cent was the most suitable substrate for P. florida production. Cowpea pod shell in combination with paddy straw (1:1) was identified as the next superior substrate when compared with other combination treatments. Thus, it can be utilized as an alternative substrate for oyster mushroom production.

Integrated Nutrient Management for Enhanced Yield and Profitability in African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Contemporary marigold cultivation increasingly focuses on optimising nutrient management practices to improve vegetative growth, flowering characteristics, and overall yield. The application of inorganic fertilisers, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), plays a pivotal role in crop growth and flower production, owing to the high availability of these nutrients for plant uptake and utilisation. The present study was conducted during 2021–22 at HRC, SVPUAT, Modipuram, Meerut to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, flowering, yield and economics of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments comprising different combinations of RDF, FYM, vermicompost and foliar application of ZnSO₄ and FeSO₄ @ 0.5%. Results revealed significant variation among treatments. Treatment T6 (75% RDF + FYM + vermicompost + ZnSO₄ + FeSO₄) recorded the highest flower yield (20.10 t ha⁻¹), gross return (Rs. 603000 ha⁻¹), net return (Rs. 495877.79 ha⁻¹) and benefit–cost ratio (5.62). Integrated application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources enhanced nutrient availability, improved crop performance and increased economic returns. Control treatment recorded the lowest yield and profitability. The study clearly indicates that partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manures along with micronutrient supplementation is an effective and sustainable approach. Therefore, application of 75% RDF combined with FYM, vermicompost and micronutrient sprays is recommended for higher productivity and profitability of marigold under subtropical conditions.

Field Evaluation of Different Biorationals against Rugose Spiralling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Infesting Banana

A. K. Meena, K. D. Shah, J. R. Talaviya, Bhumika Solanki — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Banana production is affected by invasive pests such as the rugose spiralling whitefly, which reduces plant health and yield by sucking sap and promoting sooty mould growth. Due to concerns over chemical pesticide use, eco-friendly biorational options like entomopathogenic fungi and botanical insecticides are being evaluated as sustainable alternatives for effective pest management under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted during 2023-24 at the Horticulture Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) to evaluate the efficacy of different biorational treatments against rugose spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus) infesting banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn.). The treatments included entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae, their combinations, and Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 0.003% along with an untreated control. Two foliar sprays were applied, and observations on whitefly population and fruit infestation were recorded. Results revealed that all biorational treatments reduced RSW infestation compared to the untreated control. Among them, Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 0.003% was the most effective, resulting in the lowest average whitefly population (4.97/leaf), lowest fruit infestation, and highest yield. This was followed by Beauveria bassiana 1.15 WP @ 0.009% and the combination of Beauveria bassiana + Lecanicillium lecanii @ 0.005% each.

Ensuring Temperature Requirement of Baby Chicks by Application of Innovative Plastic Hot Water Bottle Brooding

Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The hot water brooding system demonstrated effective thermal performance, maintaining stable temperatures within the optimal range of 25-35°C through the thermal retention properties of plastic water bottles. Hot water brooders eliminate fire hazards and toxic emissions, significantly reduce operating costs, require minimal supervision due to water's thermal properties that retain heat for extended periods, and offer a scalable, sustainable alternative using affordable materials that can be easily replicated. This action research was conducted holeta polytechnic college utilizes a participatory approach to engage rural farmers throughout the process of improving chicken-rearing practices. Chicks reared under hot water brooding achieved a slightly higher mean body weight gain (8.42g) compared to those under electric brooding (6.24g), suggesting improved feed utilization and reduced thermal stress. The economic analysis revealed substantial cost savings, with the hot water brooding system producing a 4-week-old chick at a total cost of 191ETB compared to the market purchase price of 450ETB, representing a 259 ETB saving per chick. For a total of 20 chicks, total savings amounted to 5,180ETB, with a profit margin of 135.6%. The cost breakdown showed that day-old chicks accounted for 62.8% of total costs, feed for 26.7%, and fuel, labour, and medication combined for only 10.5%. The affordability, scalability, and reliance on locally available materials make the system particularly suitable for resource-constrained rural communities. Its broader adoption has the potential to substantially reduce chick mortality rates, improve household income generation and food security, and thereby contribute significantly to the sustainable development of the poultry sector in Ethiopia.

Impact of Inorganic Fertiliser, Organic Manure, and Azospirillium on Crop Nutrient Absorption and Agronomic Characteristics in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Ravin Singh, Mo. Asad, Shweta Singh, Ankit Singh — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a key rabi cereal crop, but its productivity is often constrained by inadequate nutrient availability and declining soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management involving inorganic fertilisers, organic manures, and biofertilisers such as Azospirillium has been widely proposed as a sustainable approach to improve nutrient uptake, enhance agronomic performance, and maintain soil health. A field experiment was conducted in rabi season during 2024-25 and 2025-26 to study the “Effect of organic manure, Azospirillium and inorganic fertilizer on agronomic traits and nutrient uptake status of crop in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)” at Department of Agronomy, Shri Khusal Das University Hanumanghar Rajasthan. The experiment was laid out split plot design (Factorial) with comprised combinations of six fertility levels and four liquid bio inoculants. The findings show that barley's grain and straw had much greater N, P, and K contents. As a consequence, total absorption was recorded under the impact of 100% RDF ha-1 above the remaining fertility levels, although it remained comparable to 50% ha-1 RDF in both years. In comparison to inoculation of Azotobacter and PSB alone during the research, accumulated maximum N, P, and K content in grain and straw therefore total absorption was determined to be at par with inoculation of both of these treatments. Additionally, data showed that when 100% RDF was applied throughout the experiment, the maximum accessible N, P, and K content of the soil was recorded; this was much greater than when 50% RDF was applied.

Vernalization Enhanced Seed Germination with Early Flowering in Pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.)

Tanya Thakur, Arushi Garg — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Viola x wittrockiana Gams, an economically important floriculture crop species, is known to exhibit reduced flowering under warm temperature conditions. This results in poor seed set, delayed or poor seed germination, with hindered seedling development leading to fluctuating flowering. Therefore, it is imperative that suitable measures are taken to resolve seed dormancy and improve seed germination. Therefore, the present study was planned in which the seeds of pansy cv. ‘Punjab Choco Gold’ were stored at different vernalization temperatures for varied durations to observe their seed germination and flowering traits compared to control seeds kept at ambient temperature (26.5 ^oC). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with 13 treatments and three replications. Observations were recorded on seed germination, seedling vigour, flowering behaviour, and floral quality parameters. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that storage of pansy seeds at 0-4°C for 60 days resulted in better and earlier germination with improved seedling growth. The flowering time was manipulated and was 12 days earlier than the control, and flower quality was also improved (no vernalization) by storing pansy seeds at 4°C for 60 days. Hence, it could be concluded that seed vernalization at 4°C for 60 days duration enhanced seed germination with early flowering and better flower quality in Viola × wittrockiana; therefore, pansy can be regarded as a model vernalization crop.

UV-Vis, FTIR, EPR Spectroscopic Analysis of Fungal Metabolites Associated with Biodeterioration of Printed Circuit Board

Jeevandoss Chidambaram Ramdoss, Arumugam Nagarajan — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are vulnerable to fungal colonization in humid environments, leading to biodeterioration and reduced electronic reliability. In this study, fungal metabolites associated with PCB degradation were analyzed using UV–Vis, FTIR, and EPR spectroscopy to investigate their optical properties, functional groups, and radical species. The spectroscopic analyses revealed diverse biochemical constituents involved in microbial-induced deterioration, providing insights into the mechanisms of PCB degradation and potential mitigation strategies.

Aim: To investigate fungal contamination on printed circuit boards (PCBs) of electronic analytical equipment and to evaluate the role of mould-associated metabolites in polymer degradation and reliability failure.

Study Design: Isolation of fungi from contaminated and functional failure printed electronics board of a gas chromatography instrument, Preliminary characterization of isolated organisms, and analytical evaluation in UV-Vis spec, FTIR, and EPR.

Place and Duration of Study: Mould Growth Test facility of Central Electronics Centre & SAIF IIT-Madras, Chennai, over a period of 5–7 days for microbial incubation and subsequent analytical assessments on PCBs at the end of 30 days.

Methodology: The fungal contaminants were aseptically isolated from the surface of the AC power supply distribution board of the gas chromatography, and organisms were cultured in selective media supplemented with an antibiotic and incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 5–7 days. Preliminary identification of fungal isolates was performed with lactophenol cotton blue and KOH staining techniques. Growth distribution on PCB surface was analyzed for 30 days at RH of 90-95% and 28 ± 2 °C. UV–Visible spectroscopy (220–450 nm) was employed to detect metabolites involved in the biodegradation of polymers. The functional group and structural modifications are assessed with FTIR spectroscopy. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) analysis is used to identify the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the biodegradation process.

Results: UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis revealed in the range of 260–340 nm (π→π* transitions of aromatic compounds) and 380–420 nm, which denotes oxidative degradation and formation of new chromophores. Cladosporium cladosporioides Showed the optimum spectral activity, suggesting a change of aromatic polymer structures, whereas Aspergillus niger, exhibited optimum peak intensity (0.091). FTIR analysis supports significant oxidative degradation by Cladosporium cladosporioides moderate transformation of polymer by Aspergillus niger, and detectable biochemical interaction by Penicillium ochrochloron, In EPR study revealed the formation of a wide range of ROS at various stages of polymer degradation.

Conclusion: The electronic equipment operating in a controlled environment is also liable to fungal contamination, which can significantly contribute to functional failure and reliability issues. Where wide range of organic compounds and different stages of ROS (Semiquinone, Superoxide and Peroxy radicals) support the viability of the organism and biofilm formation. In severe conditions, growth may cause surface insulation degradation, signal loss, and electrical malfunction. These preliminary research findings enlighten the importance of effective environmental monitoring and fumigation of sensitive, sophisticated analytical equipment to ensure long-term functional reliability.

In-silico Identification of all the Chitinase Genes in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana): Insights into Proteins Characteristics, Gene Structure and Evolutionary Relationships

Huda Nilofer, Ch. Anuradha, V. Hemalatha, Jinu Jacob — Fri, 12 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.), (2n=4x=36), a highly nutritious small-seeded cereal crop rich in protein, minerals (iron and calcium), and dietary fibres (11.5%-20%), serves as a staple crop in many countries in Asia and Africa. Finger millet is highly vulnerable to the blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), resulting in yield losses of up to 90% and causing finger blast, neck blast, and leaf blast, with neck blast being the most aggressive. Chitinases are a group of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins induced during fungal infections that modulate the hypersensitive defence response and arrest infection. Chitinases are enzymes that break down the chitinous structure of the fungal cell wall, playing a vital defence role; weighing 20-90 kDa, and distributed among plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and arthropods. Because of their ability to degrade chitin, they are widely used in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Since chitinase studies on finger millet are underexplored and rare. This paper primarily focuses on in silico identification of 35 chitinases (EcChi1, 2, 3…35) retrieved from finger millet; their characterisation; dissection of their gene structures; and classification based on phylogeny. These chitinases are clustered on 9 chromosomes. Overall, insights into chitinases open the door to further research to identify potential candidate genes for resistance breeding against fungal pathogens.

Studies on Seed Quality, Morphological Association and Genetic Divergence in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Govind, S. N. Mishra, Vivek Kumar Yadav — Sat, 13 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation was carried out during the Rabi season of 2025–2026 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Genetic and plant breeding Prof Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) University, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 35 chickpea genotypes along with one check variety were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Observations were recorded on various qualitative and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for seed index and seed yield per plant, suggesting additive gene action. Correlation analysis showed that seed yield per plant had strong positive association with biological yield, harvest index, and seed index. Path analysis indicated that biological yield and harvest index had direct positive effects on yield. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into seven clusters, indicating wide genetic diversity. The study suggests that selection based on key yield traits and use of diverse genotypes in hybridization can improve chickpea productivity.

Quantitative Analysis of Yield-Contributing Traits in Tomato under Protected Cultivation Using Correlation and Path Coefficients

Sat, 13 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide for its nutritional and economic value. However, yield is a complex trait influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors, making improvement through direct selection difficult. Protected cultivation offers a controlled environment that enhances productivity and fruit quality. Therefore, understanding the relationships among yield and its contributing traits using correlation and path coefficient analysis is essential for identifying key traits for effective tomato improvement. The evaluation of twenty-four tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes evaluated under protected conditions revealed substantial genetic variability, suggesting significant potential for yield enhancement through selection. The study conducted during 2018 to 2021 at SKUAST-Chatha, Jammu, identified EC 521038, IIHR 2042, and Arka Abha as the most promising genotypes based on superior fruit yield per plant.Correlation study indicated that yield of fruit wasstrongly and favorably associated with key reproductive and fruit-related traits, including fruit number per plant, flower number cluster^-1, fruit size parameters, and fruit set (%), while delayed flowering showed a detrimental effect on yield performance. Path coefficient analysis clarified that fruit weight, fruit polar diameter, fruit set percentage, flower number cluster^-1, fruit number per plant, and total soluble solids (TSS) exerted notable direct impact on yield. Moreover, the higher magnitude of genotypic correlations relative to phenotypic correlations suggested that these trait relationships were predominantly driven mostly by genetic factors with negligible environmental effects. Overall, the study underscores that effective yield improvement in tomato requires a combined focus on reproductive efficiency and fruit quality attributes, along with the selection and utilization of high-yielding genotypes for the development of improved cultivars under protected cultivation conditions.

Effect of Calcium and Boron on Growth and Yield of Mustard in Inceptisol

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is an important oilseed crop in India, but its productivity is often constrained by deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients, particularly calcium and boron. Calcium plays a vital role in cell division, membrane stability, and plant growth, while boron is essential for reproductive development and seed formation. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2019–20 at the Research Farm of Udai Pratap (Autonomous) College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, on an Inceptisol under Indo-Gangetic alluvial conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with six treatments and three replications, involving the application of recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK) alone and in combination with different levels of calcium (5 and 10 kg ha⁻¹) and boron (1 and 2 kg ha⁻¹). Mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. Varuna) was grown at a spacing of 45 cm × 15 cm, and standard agronomic practices were followed to evaluate growth, yield, and nutrient uptake responses. The results indicate that the application of 10 kg Ca & 2 kg boron dose recorded maximum yield - attributes. The maximum seed yield was 11.75 q/ha, total uptake by seed and stover of N (36.88 & 12.20 kg/ha), P (8.73 & 8.18 kg/ha), K (12.49 & 41.70 kg/ha), Ca (9.51 &13.61 kg/ha) and B (193.22 & 349.17 kg/ha), respectively. The study concludes that calcium and boron application, especially at 10 kg Ca ha⁻¹ and 2 kg B ha⁻¹, improves growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in mustard, indicating their importance for better productivity under Inceptisol conditions.

Comparative Bio-efficacy of Chemical-based Pest Management against Three Generations of Flat-headed Borer, Sphenoptera lafertei, Infesting Cherry

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The flat-headed borer Sphenoptera lafertei is a destructive pest of cherry trees that infests the trunk region. The larvae feed on cambial tissue, disrupting nutrient translocation and ultimately causing the tissue to dry out and die, leading to severe economic loss. The present research was undertaken at Fruit Experimental Farm, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, 34.148º N and 74.835ºE, during the years 2024 and 2025, to evaluate the bio-efficacy of chemical insecticides against three consecutive generations of Flat-headed borer Sphenoptera lafertei infesting cherry using a randomised block design (RBD). Three plants from each cherry variety with symptoms of gum exudation/ gummosis, along with sawdust/ excreta, were selected for the chemical treatment. Chemical insecticides, viz., Dimethoate 30 EC, Flubendiamide 39.35 SC, Chlorpyriphos 50 EC + Cypermethrin 5 EC, Thiacloprid 21.7 SC, were applied at appropriate concentrations. The results revealed that the highest reduction of emergent holes over control was recorded with the application of Dimethoate 30 EC @ 0.03% as 71.10, 68.70 and 77.11 per cent against pest Generation I, Generation II and Generation III, respectively however the chemical treatment of Flubendiamide 39.35 SC @ 0.40 % resulted in the lowest reduction of holes over control as 58.50, 54.22 and 70.23 per cent against pest Generation I, Generation II and Generation III, respectively. The reduction in exit holes over the control with the application of all test insecticides was highest against the third pest generation, followed by the first generation, while the least reduction was recorded against the second pest generation. The results suggest that the application of Dimethoate at the larval stage of 1^st and 3^rd generations is effective for the management of Sphenoptera lafertei. The study aids in developing effective management strategies against Sphenoptera lafertei by selecting suitable insecticides and implementing generation-specific practices.

Synbiotic Formulation Combining Buffalo Rumen Microbiota and Prebiotics Promotes the Growth of Rumen Bacteria

Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Young ruminants after weaning have low rumen microbial activity, which reduces their ability to digest fibrous feed efficiently. Synbiotics, combining probiotics and prebiotics, can improve rumen fermentation by increasing beneficial microbial populations. Buffalo rumen fluid is a rich source of cellulolytic bacteria, while wheat, banana, and garlic provide fermentable substrates such as inulin and oligosaccharides that support microbial growth. This study evaluates their combined effect on rumen bacteria growth and feed digestibility in vitro. This study examined the digestibility, fermentability of feed, and total bacterial count in vitro to determine the optimal prebiotic for buffalo rumen microbial probiotics. The prebiotics tested consisted of wheat, banana, and garlic. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. The treatments tested were P0 = buffalo rumen fluid microorganisms, P1 = buffalo rumen microbes + 1% whole wheat, P2 = buffalo rumen microbes + 0.5% whole wheat and 0.5% banana, and P3 = buffalo rumen microbes + 0.5% whole wheat and 0.5% garlic. The inoculum source was rumen fluid from two slaughtered and homogenized buffaloes. The results showed that the prebiotic combination treatment significantly affected NH3 production, VFA, total bacteria, crude fiber digestibility, and free nitrogen extract digestibility (P<0.5%). The highest VFA production and crude fiber digestibility were found in the whole wheat and garlic prebiotic treatment, at 144 mM and 66.94%, respectively. The highest results for total bacteria and free nitrogen extract digestibility were found in the whole wheat and banana prebiotic treatment, at 74.07% and 2.9×105 CFU/ml, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of a 1% wheat and banana prebiotic combination can increase the growth of rumen bacteria and the digestibility of free nitrogen extract. Meanwhile, the combination of 1% wheat and garlic prebiotic treatment has a good effect on VFA production and crude fiber digestibility.