Exosomes: A Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Diseases
Bhaskar Debbarma *
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
Sathi Debbarma
Department of Pharmacognosy, Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology, Amtali, Tripura, 799130, India.
Donga Durga Veera Hanuman
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
M Usha Rani
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Mamnoor, Warangal, Telangana State, India.
Sravathi Vemula
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
Koppula Anusha
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
B.D.P. Kala Kumar
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
B. Anil Kumar
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
Bobbili Rajender
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana State, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Nearly all types of cells release exosomes (30-120 nm, nanosized vesicles), both in diseased and healthy physiological situations. Initially, it was believed that they acted just as “Cellular vacuoles” allowing cells to expel undesired components. Exosome composition and function have been the subject of extensive research since 2007. They are expelled from the majority of cell types and are present in the majority of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, semen, ascitic fluid, and cell culture media. The study has shown that the exosomal miRNA (MicroRNA) and lncRNA (Long non-coding RNA) content in diseased patients and healthy persons varies. Scientists have successfully discovered in several studies on disease cells that they work as biomarkers, having particular proteins connected to sick pathology. This is due to their role in expressing RNAs, DNAs, and proteins from cell to cell and their presence in most bodily fluids. Exosome-based diagnostic procedures are now being used for the early diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, neurological illnesses, and other conditions. Exosomes have the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and may be utilised to deliver therapeutic agents such as proteins, small compounds, viral gene therapy, RNA treatments, and CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene editing. The aim is to use exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery or carriers as it is much more compatible with the patient's body. Also, it can easily carry the disease information during diagnosis. Our review focuses on two key areas: a) identifying exosomal content from cancer cells as potential diagnostic tools, and b) exploring the possibility of customizing exosomes with therapeutic agents for treatment advantages.
Keywords: Cellular vacuoles, miRNA, lncRNA, ascitic fluid, neurodegenerative, biomarker