A Review on Cancer Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations in Dogs
Priyanka Yadav
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-HP, 176062, India.
Sanjeev Kumar
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751003, India.
Geetanjali Singh
Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Dr. GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-HP, 176062, India.
Subhash Verma *
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-HP, 176062, India.
Mandeep Sharma
Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Cancer presents a significant health concern in dogs, similar to its impact on humans, and stands as a primary contributor to canine mortality. The elevated incidence of cancer in dogs, relative to other domesticated animals, may be attributed to their intimate companionship with humans, advanced medical diagnostics, and elevated healthcare standards that have extended their lifespans beyond typical expectations, although accompanied by a heightened susceptibility to cancer. Effective diagnosis and treatment of canine cancer hinge upon a comprehensive understanding of tumor varieties, their underlying pathophysiology, and molecular alterations affecting genes and proteins. A range of diagnostic tools is employed for detecting cancer in dogs, encompassing blood profiles, cytological evaluations, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and various imaging methods such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. Additionally, molecular techniques play a crucial role. Therapeutic options for addressing canine cancer encompass chemotherapy, surgical procedures, and radiation therapy. Furthermore, promising developments including cancer vaccines and novel anti-cancer medications are currently undergoing clinical trials, aiming to enhance the management of cancer in dogs. This article provides an overview of both current and emerging diagnostic and treatment approaches, whether currently available or in the experimental stage, for effectively managing cancer in dogs.
Keywords: Dog cancers, cancer biomarkers, cancer vaccines, chemotherapy, immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping, nanoparticles, surgery