Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of Sheep Meat Sold in N'Djamena (Chad)
Abdoullahi Hissein Ousman *
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LaRSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena, BP1117, Chad and Laboratoire de Recherche, en Biologie, Biochimie et Microbiologie Appliquée (LaBioMA), de la Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Doba, BP 03 Chad.
Diéni Ibonyé
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo BP7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Kagambèga Boureima
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo BP7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Valery Mbaigolmem Beral
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LaRSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena, BP1117, Chad.
Khalil Idriss Abakar
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LaRSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena, BP1117, Chad.
Tapsoba François
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo BP7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Savadogo Aly
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo BP7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Abdelsalam Tidjani
Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition (LaRSAN), Faculté de Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N’Djamena, BP1117, Chad.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
In Chad, a pastoral country in the Sahel where sheep farming thrives, it is a major socioeconomic and cultural pillar. This prospective and analytical study assesses the microbiological quality of fresh mutton sold in six districts of N'Djamena (Chad). Thirty samples were collected aseptically, transported in coolers, and analyzed at Labo-REDES according to ISO standards and EC Regulation 2073/2005. Analysis of average microbial loads revealed high concentrations, particularly for Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora (TMAF) (1.98 × 10⁶ CFU/g), Fecal Coliforms (1.91 × 10⁵ CFU/g), and S. aureus (2.09 × 10⁴ CFU/g). These findings led to alarming noncompliance rates, with 66.7% of samples exceeding acceptable levels for thermotolerant/fecal coliforms and 50% for S. aureus. These exceedances indicate significant fecal and human contamination, directly attributable to inadequate hygiene practices throughout the production chain. Although Salmonella was absent, elevated microbial counts present grave public health risks, such as diarrheal illnesses and foodborne epidemics. Critical interventions include upgrading slaughter facilities with hygienic layouts, automated sanitation, and effluent control ; reinforcing cold chain refrigeration to inhibit pathogen growth; and providing rigorous training in Good Manufacturing Ptratices, handwashing. HACCP systems with routine audits will secure ongoing safety, fostering consumer confidence and economic sustainability.
Keywords: Sheep meat, microbiological quality, microbial contamination, N'Djamena