Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Mastitis is among the most widespread and economically significant diseases affecting dairy animals across the globe. Epidemiological studies conducted in various countries have reported similar prevalence patterns, indicating that nearly 25% of udder quarters are infected when assessed through indirect diagnostic methods, while the overall morbidity rate among dairy cows approaches 40%. The disease manifests in both clinical and subclinical forms; however, subclinical mastitis accounts for the majority of cases and often remains undetected for extended periods due to the absence of visible symptoms. A diverse range of microorganisms has been associated with mastitis, including bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas, and certain algal species. Nevertheless, most infections are caused by a limited group of bacterial pathogens. Mastitis leads to considerable alterations in milk composition, resulting in reduced yield and changes in key constituents such as protein, lactose, and fat, which ultimately compromise milk quality and its processing properties. The economic consequences of mastitis are particularly severe in developing dairy industries. In India, the annual financial loss attributed to mastitis is estimated to be approximately ₹2.37 thousand crore, with over 70% of these losses linked to subclinical mastitis. These economic setbacks arise from decreased milk production, treatment and management costs, discarded milk, reduced animal productivity, and premature culling, underscoring the critical need for effective preventive and control measures.