Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver, Copper and Zinc Nanoparticles from Trichoderma koningii
V. S. Hande *
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
S. D. Somwanshi
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Badnapur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
Sunita. J. Magar
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
K. B. Dharbale
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
S. N. Shaikh
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
V. B. Gitte
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
V. H. Tandle
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani), Maharashtra, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Fungal culture filtrates can provide an extracellular route for metal-based nanoparticle formation. This study evaluated the biosynthesis of silver-, copper-, and zinc-based nanoparticles using culture filtrates of Trichoderma koningii and characterised the resulting preparations by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Culture filtrates obtained after 4, 6, 8, 12, and 15 days were visually compared, and the 15-day filtrate produced the most pronounced colour response for all three metal systems. Silver nanoparticle formation was associated with a dark-brown colour and a maximum UV-Visible absorbance at 435 nm. The copper-based preparation changed from blue to blackish-brown and showed a maximum absorbance at 410 nm, whereas the zinc-based preparation produced a yellowish-white to milky-white precipitate with a maximum absorbance at 330 nm. TEM analysis of the copper-based preparation showed predominantly spherical, polydisperse particles ranging from 11.32 to 42.58 nm. FTIR spectra indicated the participation of hydroxyl-, amino-, and amide-associated functional groups in nanoparticle formation and stabilisation. Bands at 416.62 and 420.48 cm⁻¹ were associated with Cu–O and Zn–O vibrations, respectively. These findings show that T. koningii culture filtrate can function as an extracellular biological system for producing and stabilising silver-, copper-, and zinc-based nanoparticle preparations under the tested conditions
Keywords: Trichoderma koningii, mycosynthesis, silver nanoparticles, copper-based nanoparticles, zinc-based nanoparticles, extracellular biosynthesis, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, culture filtrate