Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation and Efficiency Assessments of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Surface Water from Okpoka Creek, Niger-Delta Nigeria using Cyperus odoratus, Colocasia esculenta, Phoenix roebelenii and Eisenia fetida
C. Fawole *
Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, Nigeria.
S. J. Salami
Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
D. A. Dashak
Department of Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
A. C. Harmony
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The liquid-liquid extraction of Petroleum contaminated surface water samples were conducted in accordance with standard procedure of US EPA. Identification and quantification of TPHs was performed by Gas chromatograph with Mass spectrometric detection (GC/MSD) in accordance with standard analytical method of US EPA 8270;625. The TPHs raw sample showed an elevated value of 104762.42 mg/L above the DPR/EGASPIN maximum contamination limit (MCL). At week 5, TPHs phytoremediations in the monoculture reactors removal efficiency was (31.28 mg/L) 99.97% and mixedculture indicated (19.72 mg/L) 99.98%; their concentrations were above DPR/EGASPIN MCL while polyculture indicated (8.91 mg/L) 99.99% value was below DPR/EGASPIN MCL. The combination of phytoremediation and vermiremediation techniques in polyculture reactors showed better and spectacular results as the biotas demonstrated good potentiality of hyperbioaccumulation to serve as hydrocarbon sinks from the ecotoxics of TPHs.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation, efficiency, assessments, Total-Petroleum-Hydrocarbons (TPHs), Petroleum-Contaminated, surfacewater, Niger-Delta.